163BG Midterm Flashcards
homeostasis
body’s feedback system for stability
allostasis
predictive system; anticipates demand upon change
HPA Axis
hypothalamic pituitary gland axis
What hormone does the hypothalamus release and onto what?
releases corticotropin releasing hormone, pituitary gland
What does the pituitary gland release and onto what?
releases ACTH, adrenal gland
What does the adrenal gland release and onto what? What happens after?
cortisol into immune system. Hypothalamus responds to this and triggers release of more or less CRH (starts the process over again)
catecholamines (acute stressor)
norepinephrine, dopamine (fast increase)
corticosteroid aka cortisol (acute stressor)
slow increase
salience network
responds to unexpected and novel events, in charge of disrupting current goal in response to a sudden stressor
executive network
goal-relevant behavior
neurotrophic effects
controls neurogenesis, proliferation, differentiation
examples of neurotrophic effects (3)
1) release myokines
2) releases insulin growth factor (IGF)
3) physical activity promotes BDNF
neuromodulatory effects
electrochemical effects that cause changes in neural activity
neuromodulatory examples
1) promotes serotonin
2) promotes dopamine
3) promotes release of acetylcholine
sensory coding
information is gathered via senses and encoded in patterns of brain activity
principles of sensory coding
1) all information is hierarchically processed in the brain
2) communication between areas is multi-directional
3) sensory environment is mapped in multiple ways
Neill & Stryker
overall firing rate increased during physical activity of a mouse, multiplicative gain. Increase in peripheral perception
sensation
how the body samples information from the environment
perception
how we interpret information
modes of measurement of perception
psychophysics, neuroimaging
4 types of psychophysics
detection, identification, discrimination, scaling
EEG is…
measured by event related potentials and oscillations
4 functions of attention
arousal regulation, selective information processing, response selection, performance monitoring
dorsal and ventral attention networks are…
influenced by multiple neural pathways that are slow. can be increased with exercise
DSM cognitive domains
perception & motor function
language
learning & memory
social cognition
complex attention,
executive function
timing of a task can be (1 of 2)
synchronous or asynchronous
exercise type
cardiovascular demand (aerobic vs anaerobic)
muscular demand (isometric vs isotonic)
exercise duration
acute vs brief
prolonged
exercise intensity
power (watts), cardiovascular capacity, subjective reporting
exercise frequency
single, multiple, intervention
correlational method
observe 2 variables and their relationship. no manipulation, no causal claims
quasi-experimental
2 (or more) groups undergoing 2 (or more) conditions
experimental
manipulation of IV, participants randomly assigned, needs operationalization
meta analysis
summarizing results across multiple studies
cognitive reserve
resilience of cognitive systems and impairments, exercise starts cognitive decline at a higher point
assumptions of evolutionary perspective
psychological mechanisms arise from adaptations
human mind is comprised of evolutionary mechanisms
adaptive capacity model
physical activity allows us to find food and our capacity allows us to remember where it was
selection pressure
challenges; distance of food source, dangers, quality of food
adaptations
locomotion, quick response time, good decision making
Raichlen & Alexander proposed (evolutionary perspective)
we adapted into cognitively engaged athletes in response to pressures
affordances
action formed by agent and environment (objects have actions associated with them)
declarative knowledge
explicit, factual knowledge, slow process
procedural knowledge
implicit, automatic, fast
Fan et al. (orienting)
compute the difference in response time when target was presented at cued location or not
internal vs external manipulations of attention
internal = attending to the body
external = effect of your body movement on the object/ environment
skill focused (internal)
attend to component process of skill
dual task
divide attention between skill and task
Transfer
applying information learned from one task onto another
‘use it or lose it’ idea
we reduce in capacity to save energy, why there may be small effects for exercise on cognition
locus of focus experiments
less skilled do better with internal focus and focus on accuracy
experts do better with external focus and speed
constrained action hypothesis
external focus allows automatic skills to be executed without interference. internal focus puts an otherwise automatic skill into conscious control
Quiet Eye training
explicit feedback about eye position during training
Why do we choke? (3 reasons)
distraction, explicit monitoring, overmotivation
