163BG Midterm

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

body’s feedback system for stability

Question 2

allostasis

Answer 2

predictive system; anticipates demand upon change

Question 3

HPA Axis

Answer 3

hypothalamic pituitary gland axis

Question 4

What hormone does the hypothalamus release and onto what?

Answer 4

releases corticotropin releasing hormone, pituitary gland

Question 5

What does the pituitary gland release and onto what?

Answer 5

releases ACTH, adrenal gland

Question 6

What does the adrenal gland release and onto what? What happens after?

Answer 6

cortisol into immune system. Hypothalamus responds to this and triggers release of more or less CRH (starts the process over again)

Question 7

catecholamines (acute stressor)

Answer 7

norepinephrine, dopamine (fast increase)

Question 8

corticosteroid aka cortisol (acute stressor)

Answer 8

slow increase

Question 9

salience network

Answer 9

responds to unexpected and novel events, in charge of disrupting current goal in response to a sudden stressor

Question 10

executive network

Answer 10

goal-relevant behavior

Question 11

neurotrophic effects

Answer 11

controls neurogenesis, proliferation, differentiation

Question 12

examples of neurotrophic effects (3)

Answer 12

1) release myokines
2) releases insulin growth factor (IGF)
3) physical activity promotes BDNF

Question 13

neuromodulatory effects

Answer 13

electrochemical effects that cause changes in neural activity

Question 14

neuromodulatory examples

Answer 14

1) promotes serotonin
2) promotes dopamine
3) promotes release of acetylcholine

Question 15

sensory coding

Answer 15

information is gathered via senses and encoded in patterns of brain activity

Question 16

principles of sensory coding

Answer 16

1) all information is hierarchically processed in the brain
2) communication between areas is multi-directional
3) sensory environment is mapped in multiple ways

Question 17

Neill & Stryker

Answer 17

overall firing rate increased during physical activity of a mouse, multiplicative gain. Increase in peripheral perception

Question 18

sensation

Answer 18

how the body samples information from the environment

Question 19

perception

Answer 19

how we interpret information

Question 20

modes of measurement of perception

Answer 20

psychophysics, neuroimaging

Question 21

4 types of psychophysics

Answer 21

detection, identification, discrimination, scaling

Question 22

EEG is…

Answer 22

measured by event related potentials and oscillations

Question 23

4 functions of attention

Answer 23

arousal regulation, selective information processing, response selection, performance monitoring

Question 24

dorsal and ventral attention networks are…

Answer 24

influenced by multiple neural pathways that are slow. can be increased with exercise

Question 25

DSM cognitive domains

Answer 25

perception & motor function language learning & memory social cognition complex attention, executive function

Question 26

timing of a task can be (1 of 2)

Answer 26

synchronous or asynchronous

Question 27

exercise type

Answer 27

cardiovascular demand (aerobic vs anaerobic) muscular demand (isometric vs isotonic)

Question 28

exercise duration

Answer 28

acute vs brief prolonged

Question 29

exercise intensity

Answer 29

power (watts), cardiovascular capacity, subjective reporting

Question 30

exercise frequency

Answer 30

single, multiple, intervention

Question 31

correlational method

Answer 31

observe 2 variables and their relationship. no manipulation, no causal claims

Question 32

quasi-experimental

Answer 32

2 (or more) groups undergoing 2 (or more) conditions

Question 33

experimental

Answer 33

manipulation of IV, participants randomly assigned, needs operationalization

Question 34

meta analysis

Answer 34

summarizing results across multiple studies

Question 35

cognitive reserve

Answer 35

resilience of cognitive systems and impairments, exercise starts cognitive decline at a higher point

Question 36

assumptions of evolutionary perspective

Answer 36

psychological mechanisms arise from adaptations human mind is comprised of evolutionary mechanisms

Question 37

adaptive capacity model

Answer 37

physical activity allows us to find food and our capacity allows us to remember where it was

Question 38

selection pressure

Answer 38

challenges; distance of food source, dangers, quality of food

Question 39

adaptations

Answer 39

locomotion, quick response time, good decision making

Question 40

Raichlen & Alexander proposed (evolutionary perspective)

Answer 40

we adapted into cognitively engaged athletes in response to pressures

Question 41

affordances

Answer 41

action formed by agent and environment (objects have actions associated with them)

Question 42

declarative knowledge

Answer 42

explicit, factual knowledge, slow process

Question 43

procedural knowledge

Answer 43

implicit, automatic, fast

Question 44

Fan et al. (orienting)

Answer 44

compute the difference in response time when target was presented at cued location or not

Question 45

internal vs external manipulations of attention

Answer 45

internal = attending to the body external = effect of your body movement on the object/ environment

Question 46

skill focused (internal)

Answer 46

attend to component process of skill

Question 47

dual task

Answer 47

divide attention between skill and task

Question 48

Transfer

Answer 48

applying information learned from one task onto another

Question 49

'use it or lose it' idea

Answer 49

we reduce in capacity to save energy, why there may be small effects for exercise on cognition

Question 50

locus of focus experiments

Answer 50

less skilled do better with internal focus and focus on accuracy experts do better with external focus and speed

Question 51

constrained action hypothesis

Answer 51

external focus allows automatic skills to be executed without interference. internal focus puts an otherwise automatic skill into conscious control

Question 52

Quiet Eye training

Answer 52

explicit feedback about eye position during training

Question 53

Why do we choke? (3 reasons)

Answer 53

distraction, explicit monitoring, overmotivation