PSY 131 Final

Question 1

Periodicity

Answer 1

the # of cycle of a pure (sine) tone that occur over a given length of time

Question 2

Partial

Answer 2

a general term that can apply to any mode of vibration in a spectrum

Question 3

Temporal envelope

Answer 3

the primary determinant in our classification of sound sources

Question 4

… Why did the transposed version of the scale sound so unnatural?

Answer 4

the natural resonant frequency regions that were produced by the sound source were not preserved by the transpositional process

Question 5

A distortion product is…

Answer 5

characterized by the introduction of frequency components in the output that were not present in the input

Question 6

Human sensitivity to frequencies from about 1.5-7 kHz is due to…

Answer 6

the resonant frequencies of the outer and middle ear

Question 7

the basilar membrane…

Answer 7

separates out via a “traveling” wave, the frequency components of a sound wave

Question 8

the scala media is…

Answer 8

a canal filled with endolymph that extends along the cochlea

Question 9

Frequency selectivity

Answer 9

the ability of the auditory system to resolve or separate out the different frequency components of a sound wave

Question 10

Iso-level curve

Answer 10

Basilar membrane response as a function of the frequency of a pure tone for various levels of the tone

Question 11

Tuning Curve

Answer 11

the level of a pure tone needed to produce the same basilar membrane response

Question 12

Basalward shift

Answer 12

traveling wave must move toward the higher frequency region of the basilar membrane to compensate for the shift to lower-frequency excitation

Question 13

Motility (outer hair cells)

Answer 13

outer hair cells expand and contract wen stimulated due to protein prestin

Question 14

Compression (shallow response function

Answer 14

as loudness level increases, gain decreases

Question 15

Frequency suppression

Answer 15

reduction in response to one frequency component wen another frequency component is added

Question 16

distortion

Answer 16

frequency components that are not present in the input that are present in the output

Question 17

Masking

Answer 17

the obscuring of one sound by another

Question 18

Spectral-notch masking

Answer 18

can be used to estimate the shape and bandwidth of the internal auditory filter

Question 19

The width of an ERB…

Answer 19

is proportional to its center frequency

Question 20

The psychophysical tuning curve…

Answer 20

is a plot of the level of a masker needed to mask a signal as a function of the frequency of the masker and masker-signal time interval

Question 21

An excitation pattern….

Answer 21

is a plot of the output of each auditory filter as a function of its center frequency

Question 22

A formant…

Answer 22

is an emphasized spectral region used to code vowel identification

Question 23

Loudness

Answer 23

loudness is the subjective magnitude of sound (0 to 120 dB SPL)

Question 24

Loudness sone

Answer 24

measure that related loudness to a fixed standard on a ratio scale; sound A is twice as loud as sound B if its sone value is twice that of sound B

Question 25

Loudness phon

Answer 25

hybrid measure that relates sensitivity of the auditory system to frequency and sound level on an interval scale

Question 26

Dynamic range....

Answer 26

is determined by the lower and upper limits of a person's ability to process sounds effectively

Question 27

specific loudness

Answer 27

is a calculation of the output at each auditory filter. it reflect the compression of the basilar membrane

Question 28

magnitude estimation

Answer 28

assign a number to each sound according to its loudness

Question 29

magnitude production

Answer 29

subject adjusts the level of a test sound until it has a specified loudness

Question 30

Just noticeable difference

Answer 30

is the minimum level of an acoustical change at which subjects can hear a difference in the primary perceptual correlate

Question 31

Weber's law

Answer 31

The property by which the small detectable increment in intensity is proportional to the baseline intensity the increase in intensity required for you to notice a change

Question 32

Weber's fraction

Answer 32

ratio of the smallest detectable change in physical quantity of the magnitude of that quantity

Question 33

Pitch

Answer 33

pitch is the aspect of auditory sensation by which sounds are ordered on the scale used for melody in music (30Hz and 5000 Hz)

Question 34

Rate place theory

Answer 34

basilar membrane in the cochlea conducts frequency analysis (different regions on basilar membrane respond to different frequencies)

Question 35

temporal theory

Answer 35

phase locking, time pattern of neural spikes is at a multiple integer of the period of the signal

Question 36

excitation pattern

Answer 36

a plot of the output of filters as a function of center frequency

Question 37

temporal resolution

Answer 37

speed at which we can process sound

Question 38

temporal integer mechanism

Answer 38

means by which neural activity is summed up over time

Question 39

temporal excitation pattern

Answer 39

description of how variation in level is represented in auditory stream

Question 40

pattern recognition model of pitch

Answer 40

utilizes a central processor up the auditory pathway that finds a "best fit" for the frequency information that is provided by resolved harmonics

Question 41

temporal model of pitch

Answer 41

utilizes the interaction of unresolved harmonics on the basilar membrane that produce a waveform that repeats at the fundamental frequency

Question 42

resolved harmonic

Answer 42

is a low numbered partial in a harmonic, complex tone

Question 43

unresolved harmonic

Answer 43

high numbered partial in a harmonic, complex tone

Question 44

missing fundamental

Answer 44

shows pitch is determined by the repetition rate of the waveform of a periodic complex tone

Question 45

neural synchrony

Answer 45

is a measure of how well spike patterns produced across the array of fibers conform to waveform periodicity and structure

Question 46

Outer ear

Answer 46

pinna, concha, external auditory canal, external auditory meatus, eardrum protection, amplification, localization

Question 47

Middle ear

Answer 47

malleus, incus, stapes impedance matching, selective oval window stimulation, pressure equalization

Question 48

inner ear

Answer 48

oval window, cochlea filtering distribution, transduction

Question 49

inner ear scala(s)

Answer 49

scala vestibuli on top, scala media in the middle, scala tympani on bottom

Question 50

organ of corti

Answer 50

contains rows of hair cells and various supporting cells and nerve endings

Question 51

tectorial membrane

Answer 51

lies over organ of corti and connects to the stereocilia and its outer hair cells