PSY 102 Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings

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2
Q

Hindsight bias

A

people exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after it already happened

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3
Q

theories

A

system of statements that explain and predict observed events

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess

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5
Q

prediction

A

statement about the outcome of a particular event or experiment

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6
Q

correlational research design

A

assess strength and direction of association between 2 or more variables

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7
Q

problem with correlation

A

3rd variable problems: something else was causing the correlation

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8
Q

What can correlations tell us?

A
  • rule out other explanations if measured
  • generalize findings outside of a laboratory
  • complex longitudinal designs can provide evidence for cause and effect directions
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9
Q

True experiment has…

A
  • control group
  • manipulation of independent variables
  • random assignment
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10
Q

operationalization

A

conceptual, measurable variable

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11
Q

limits to experimentation

A
  • construct validity
  • external validity
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12
Q

Behavioral variables

A

response to stimuli or events (choices, reaction time, etc. )

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12
Q

Archival variable

A

data that is collected prior to the study (i.e. performance, criminal offenses in a given area, etc.)

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13
Q

self report variables

A

self reported emotions, questionnaires

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14
Q

Physiological variables

A

nervous system, brain activity

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15
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

the pattern observed from the data you collected (demographics of a sample,

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16
Q

inferential statistics

A

generalizability of pattern to more of the population (inferences about general population)

17
Q

social priming

A

example of autonomic cognition - how you can influence situational activation without our awareness

18
Q

False-positive psychology

A

making decisions to alter the outcome of your collected data
* remove outliers
* recruit more participants
* test for interaction effects

AKA HARKing !

19
Q

Publication bias

A

only significant effects are published

20
Q

Injunctive social norms vs Descriptive social norms

A
  • Injunctive: norms of what you should do
  • descriptive: what people are actually doing
21
Q

Preregistration

A

protects against confirmation bias by forcing people to publish their expected findings

22
Q

schema

A

mental structures that organize and interpret information

23
Q

self concept

A

overarching idea we have about who we are
* personality traits
* physical characteristics
* abilities

24
self schema
more abstract and complex version of self concept
25
activated self schema
context and situation activate different aspects of self
26
situationism
human behavior is determined by surrounding circumstances * people have a tendency to share things that are unique to a certain group
27
individualism
emphasis on own internal thoughts and feelings Western cultures
28
collectivism
emphasis on one's relationships with other people; recognition that thoughts, feelings, and actions are often dependent on other people Asia, Africa, Central and South America
29
Misattribution of Arousal Study
* male participants reach out 50% of the time after crossing scary bridge * only 13% of the time after crossing safe bridge Was the arousal from crossing scary bridge or attractive experimenter?
30
focus problem
tendency to focus on most salient (prominent) aspect of an event
31
Immune neglect
tendency to neglect/ overlook coping strategies for negative events (people are more resilient than they think they are)
32
adaptation
hedonic saturation (feeling extremely happy) but people return to their normal happiness levels after some time. this causes people to always want more
33
Basking in Reflected Glory
people have a tendency to associate with others who are successful
34
Cutting off Rejected Failure
people distance themselves from others who fail
35
Self discrepancy theory
people have a strong tendency towards cognitive consistency * people hate cognitive dissonance
36
Reflected self appraisal
develop self concept by observing what others think of us
37
Spotlight effect
tendency to overestimate how much others notice aspects of appearance or behavior about ourselves
38
Illusion of transparency
tendency to overestimate the degree to which people can perceive our personal thoughts, emotions, and mental states
39
upward social comparison
compare ourselves to who are better (to make us feel worse and motivate us to be better)
40
downward social comparison
compare to people who are worse than you to make yourself feel better