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PSY 108 Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

zeitgeist

A

ideas prevalent in a period & place

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2
Q

mental set

A

perspectives and/or assumptions that define how people view a problem

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3
Q

Bruner Potter paradigm

A

once you get a mental set, it will impact how you view things and prevent you from seeing the true image

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4
Q

insight problems

A

problems that require overcoming some sort of mental set in order to solve

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5
Q

structuralism

A

the mind and its perceptions can be understood by analyzing those perceptions and their constituent components (parts of the brain)

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6
Q

structuralism method

A

introspection - looking within

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7
Q

proponent of structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

Problems of structuralism

A

Introspection - different people get different results, introspection can be wrong

reducing mind to structure can overlook dynamic processes

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9
Q

functionalism

A

the mind is best understood by examining the processes of mind rather than its contents

functional value of psychological processes

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10
Q

functionalism method

A

introspection, observations, experiment

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11
Q

Proponent of functionalism

A

William James - coined the term “stream of consciousness”

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12
Q

problem with functionalism

A

heavy reliance on introspection

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

learning - behavior is learned

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14
Q

connectionistic

A

learning happens when 2 events occur at the same time

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15
Q

reductionistic

A

complex behavior can be explained by understanding the associations on which it is based

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16
Q

environmental

A

all aspects of behavior are learned

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17
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

proponent of behaviorism

findings:
- serial position curve: tendency to remember first and last items of a sequence best
- over-learning results in slower forgetting

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18
Q

problems with pavlovian and operant conditioning

A

not all associations are equally learnable

rats learn associations with light/noise & shock and taste & stomach ache

language cannot be learned with just stimulus-response associations

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19
Q

channel capacity

A

upper limit for memory (7 +/- 2 items)

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20
Q

chunking

A

group input events and apply a new name; remember the name rather than the input

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21
Q

top down processes

A

how understanding influences what we perceive

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22
Q

bottom up processes

A

how perception influences what we understand

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23
Q

controlled lab experiments

A

pros: enables isolation of causal factors

cons: little external validity

24
Q

Psychobiological research

A

pros: “hard” evidence of cognitive functions relating to brain activity

cons: expensive, risk of making inferences about normal functions based on abnormal brain functioning

25
self reports
pros: participants POV cons: inability to report on processes occurring outside conscious awareness, data gathering may influence cognitive processes being reported
26
case studies
pros: detailed info about an individual cons: small sample
27
naturalistic observation
pros: high ecological validity cons: lack experimental control
28
computer simulations & AI
pros: clear testing of theories and predictions cons: brains do not operate the same way as computers
29
Gestalt Psychology
developed theories of perception based on the notion that the whole is more than the sum of its parts - things groups together are seen as associated with each other (proximity, similarity, symmetry) - figure-ground segregation: edges are assigned to regions for purpose of shape discrimination
30
word superiority effect
individuals identify letters better if they are in the context of a word rather than arbitrary letters
31
change blindness
failure to detect a change in an object or scene
32
in-attentional blindness
failure to notice when unexpected object suddenly appears
33
monocular depth cues
provide depth cues even with one eye closed
34
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance
35
aerial perspective
distant objects seem more hazy
36
texture gradient
distant objects appear smaller
37
interposition
overlapped objects appears further away
38
shadows & shading
with known light source, shading and shadows inform which object is closer (to light source)
39
familiar size
if we know how large an object is, we can infer it is farther away if it is smaller than usual
40
motion parallax
closer target appears to move more quickly and in reverse direction to the observers movement
41
Ames room
see someone as smaller standing on opposite side of the room
42
Mueller-Lyer illusion
lines of same shape look different if their arrows are pointed inward vs outward
43
color constancy
assume object remains constant in different lights and compensate for a shadow when in reality the shades are the same
44
shape constancy
regardless of change to objects orientation, the shape of the object perceived is the same
45
Dichotic listening paradigm (missed vs maintained)
one message presented in one ear, different message presented in other ear. goal is to focus on information coming in from just one ear missed: - same message but presented at different times - changed language maintained: - physical characteristics (tone change)
46
Broadbent's Filter theory
early selective filter allows people to attend to one channel based on physical characteristics
47
problem with broadbent's filter theory
cocktail party phenomenon -> people notice their name in unattended channel
48
Treisman's filter amplitude theory
filter turns down the "volume" in unattended channel
49
Deutsch & Deutsch Late selection theory
all incoming stimuli are processed but quickly forgotten in unattended channel
50
perceptual load theory
everyone has limited attentional capacity
51
non-consciousness
information that is below the surface of awareness * mind wandering while reading book
52
experiential conscious
on-going experience * what one is mind wandering about (topic)
53
meta-consciousness
explicit awareness of contents we experience * recognition that one has been mind wandering
54
subliminal perception
the effects of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness
55
unconscious priming
presenting two related words will result in faster recognition of the second word
56
experiential consciousness
the current contents of experience: can we control the contents of consciousness white bear effect

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