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flashcards > PSY 108 Midterm 1 > Flashcards

PSY 108 Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

zeitgeist

A

ideas prevalent in a period & place

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2
Q

mental set

A

perspectives and/or assumptions that define how people view a problem

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3
Q

Bruner Potter paradigm

A

once you get a mental set, it will impact how you view things and prevent you from seeing the true image

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4
Q

insight problems

A

problems that require overcoming some sort of mental set in order to solve

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5
Q

structuralism

A

the mind and its perceptions can be understood by analyzing those perceptions and their constituent components (parts of the brain)

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6
Q

structuralism method

A

introspection - looking within

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7
Q

proponent of structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

Problems of structuralism

A

Introspection - different people get different results, introspection can be wrong

reducing mind to structure can overlook dynamic processes

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9
Q

functionalism

A

the mind is best understood by examining the processes of mind rather than its contents

functional value of psychological processes

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10
Q

functionalism method

A

introspection, observations, experiment

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11
Q

Proponent of functionalism

A

William James - coined the term “stream of consciousness”

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12
Q

problem with functionalism

A

heavy reliance on introspection

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

learning - behavior is learned

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14
Q

connectionistic

A

learning happens when 2 events occur at the same time

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15
Q

reductionistic

A

complex behavior can be explained by understanding the associations on which it is based

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16
Q

environmental

A

all aspects of behavior are learned

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17
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

proponent of behaviorism

findings:
- serial position curve: tendency to remember first and last items of a sequence best
- over-learning results in slower forgetting

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18
Q

problems with pavlovian and operant conditioning

A

not all associations are equally learnable

rats learn associations with light/noise & shock and taste & stomach ache

language cannot be learned with just stimulus-response associations

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19
Q

channel capacity

A

upper limit for memory (7 +/- 2 items)

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20
Q

chunking

A

group input events and apply a new name; remember the name rather than the input

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21
Q

top down processes

A

how understanding influences what we perceive

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22
Q

bottom up processes

A

how perception influences what we understand

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23
Q

controlled lab experiments

A

pros: enables isolation of causal factors

cons: little external validity

24
Q

Psychobiological research

A

pros: “hard” evidence of cognitive functions relating to brain activity

cons: expensive, risk of making inferences about normal functions based on abnormal brain functioning

25
Q

self reports

A

pros: participants POV

cons: inability to report on processes occurring outside conscious awareness, data gathering may influence cognitive processes being reported

26
Q

case studies

A

pros: detailed info about an individual

cons: small sample

27
Q

naturalistic observation

A

pros: high ecological validity

cons: lack experimental control

28
Q

computer simulations & AI

A

pros: clear testing of theories and predictions

cons: brains do not operate the same way as computers

29
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

developed theories of perception based on the notion that the whole is more than the sum of its parts

  • things groups together are seen as associated with each other (proximity, similarity, symmetry)
  • figure-ground segregation: edges are assigned to regions for purpose of shape discrimination
30
Q

word superiority effect

A

individuals identify letters better if they are in the context of a word rather than arbitrary letters

31
Q

change blindness

A

failure to detect a change in an object or scene

32
Q

in-attentional blindness

A

failure to notice when unexpected object suddenly appears

33
Q

monocular depth cues

A

provide depth cues even with one eye closed

34
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance

35
Q

aerial perspective

A

distant objects seem more hazy

36
Q

texture gradient

A

distant objects appear smaller

37
Q

interposition

A

overlapped objects appears further away

38
Q

shadows & shading

A

with known light source, shading and shadows inform which object is closer (to light source)

39
Q

familiar size

A

if we know how large an object is, we can infer it is farther away if it is smaller than usual

40
Q

motion parallax

A

closer target appears to move more quickly and in reverse direction to the observers movement

41
Q

Ames room

A

see someone as smaller standing on opposite side of the room

42
Q

Mueller-Lyer illusion

A

lines of same shape look different if their arrows are pointed inward vs outward

43
Q

color constancy

A

assume object remains constant in different lights and compensate for a shadow when in reality the shades are the same

44
Q

shape constancy

A

regardless of change to objects orientation, the shape of the object perceived is the same

45
Q

Dichotic listening paradigm (missed vs maintained)

A

one message presented in one ear, different message presented in other ear. goal is to focus on information coming in from just one ear

missed:
- same message but presented at different times
- changed language

maintained:
- physical characteristics (tone change)

46
Q

Broadbent’s Filter theory

A

early selective filter allows people to attend to one channel based on physical characteristics

47
Q

problem with broadbent’s filter theory

A

cocktail party phenomenon -> people notice their name in unattended channel

48
Q

Treisman’s filter amplitude theory

A

filter turns down the “volume” in unattended channel

49
Q

Deutsch & Deutsch Late selection theory

A

all incoming stimuli are processed but quickly forgotten in unattended channel

50
Q

perceptual load theory

A

everyone has limited attentional capacity

51
Q

non-consciousness

A

information that is below the surface of awareness

  • mind wandering while reading book
52
Q

experiential conscious

A

on-going experience

  • what one is mind wandering about (topic)
53
Q

meta-consciousness

A

explicit awareness of contents we experience

  • recognition that one has been mind wandering
54
Q

subliminal perception

A

the effects of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness

55
Q

unconscious priming

A

presenting two related words will result in faster recognition of the second word

56
Q

experiential consciousness

A

the current contents of experience: can we control the contents of consciousness

white bear effect

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