108 midterm 2 Flashcards
Modal Model
model that includes sensory, short term & long term memory and discusses how memory can be encoded and retrieved
Sensory Memory
storage system that records information from each of the senses
* large capacity
* same modality as experience
* very fast decay
Short Term Memory
memory system that is responsible for holding onto a small amount of information recently taken from environment
* limited capacity
* rehearsal leads to transfer to long term memory
Long Term Memory
contains your memory for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime
* unlimited capacity
* semantic coding (gives meaning to things)
Span of Apprehension (Whipple, 1914)
- How much can a person see in a brief instant?
flashed letter arrays, people only remember about 4 letters (cognitive capacity)
Sperling Partial Report Paradigm
Briefly presented array with 3 rows
partial recall - just one row
participants are still able to recall parts of all rows because they didn’t know which row they will be tested on
recalled better with partial report because with a full report people forgot the items before they could report them all
Dillolo Dot Technique
- flashed two sets of dots with brief or longer pause between them
- if sensory memory lasted longer than the pause, you will be able to see where the “missing” dot was
Echoic Memory
- 3 channels with 3 letters each and a flash after the stimuli to indicate which channel to report to
- findings: less partial report advantage, longer sensory memory
Serial Position Curve
tendency to remember first and last items best (unless the last item had a 30 second delay)
Depth of Processing
shallow (not well remembered) = appearance / sound
deep = focus on the meaning, better remembered
Craik & Tulvang evidence for deep processing (semantic vs auditory & appearance)
best memory came from semantic (ie Does this word go in this sentence: ___)
less for:
auditory (does the word rhyme with ____)
appearance (repeating letters, upper case, etc. )
Central Executive
provides basic area in which calculations are made
important for:
* focusing attention
* selecting strategies
* coordinating behavior
Visuospatial Sketchpad
processes visual and spatial information
- limited capacity = imagining things in your head while multitasking can lead to errors in the task at hand
Episodic Buffer
storehouse that holds and combines information from phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad & longterm memory
- solve theoretical problems
- interpret information from an earlier experience, solve new problems, plan activities
Phonological Loop
temporary hold for verbal information
can process limited number of sounds for a short period of time
important for:
* self instruction - remind yourself to do something
* pronouncing words in your head
* mathematical equations - keeping track of numbers and other information
Encoding (LTM)
process of getting info from short term to long term
Retention Interval (LTM)
after encoding, influences whether or not material is available later
Retrieval (LTM)
processes that influence the ability to recall the previously encoded information
3 themes of memory
1) meaningful = more memorable
2) memory tends to be schematic
3) memory is context dependent
Self Reference Effect
words related to self are better remembered
Generation Effect
- read “hot-cold”
- generate “hot-c___”
- generation leads to better recall than just reading
Expertise
experts transfer related info to LTM
ex: chess players remember playable configurations better
Schemas & LTM
people remember the details of writing if they are told what it is generally about first
Dual Code Theory
people remember visual information better than verbal
concrete words > abstract words
