Protist Organisms: Lecture 13

Question 1

protist groups

Answer 1

• alveolata
• stramenopiles
• rhizarians
• excavates
• amoebozoans
• choanoflagellates

Question 2

alveolata

Answer 2

• diverse group identified by the presence of alveoli

types: dinoflagellates, apicomplexa, ciliates

Question 3

dinoflagellates

Answer 3

• photosynthetic, unicellular, marine, bioluminescent
• has two flagella within two grooves of their surfaces
• shell is extracellular material
• they live in corals and help with their photosynthetic properties
• causes red tides (toxins)
• types: gymnopodium

Question 4

apicomplexans

Answer 4

• parasites with apical complexes
• allows them to invade their host
  types: plasmodium falciparum

Question 5

plasmodium falciparum

Answer 5

-causes malaria

Question 6

ciliates

Answer 6

• unicellular & large
• move with cilia
• heterotrophic
• monophyletic group

Question 7

stramenopiles

Answer 7

• fine hairs that grow on the longer of 2 flagella on members of this group
• types: diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes

Question 8

diatoms

Answer 8

• unicellular, photosynthetic
• excrete double silica shells
• use both asexual (binary fission) and sexual reproduction
• only male gametes have flagella
• found in all oceans

Question 9

brown algae

Answer 9

• large and multicellular
• photosynthetic due to secondary endosymbiosis with a red algae
• ex: giant kelp give food and shelter to sea otters

Question 10

oomycetes

Answer 10

• not molds
• use external digestion
• many are harmless decomposers
• can’t move, filamentous
• ex: white rust=plant pathogen

Question 11

rhizarians

Answer 11

• unicellular, aquatic
• has thin and rigid pseudopodia
  types: foraminiferans

Question 12

foraminiferans

Answer 12

• unicellular, marine
• shells made of organic material studded w/ inorganic material which makes them fossilize easily
• organism inside shell

Question 13

excavates

Answer 13

• diverse

- types: diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenids

Question 14

diplomonads and parabasalids

Answer 14

-both unicellular and don’t have mitochondria (believed the loss of mitochondria is a derived trait)
diplomonad types: giardia intestinalis

Question 15

giardia intestinalis

Answer 15

• diplomonad
• gives you diarrhea
• found in natural sources of water

Question 16

euglenids

Answer 16

• unicellular, have mitochondria and a derived type of flagella
• use binary fission
• can be heterotrophs or autotrophs
• arose via secondary endosymbiosis with green algae
• if kept out of sun, can become heterotrophic and redevelop photosynthetic behavior when returned to sun

Question 17

amoebozoans

Answer 17

• use lobed-shape pseudopodia
  
  • -> used both for eating and locomotion (using cytoplasmic streaming)
• types: amoebas, slime molds

Question 18

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 18

• flowing extension of cytoplasm that extends forwards to pull the amoeba forward
• can extend over nearby food particles and engulf that food source via phagocytosis
• controlled by filaments of actin and myosin

Question 19

plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Answer 19

• multicellular
• exist asexually as long as there’s enough food
  
  • -> if not enough, can become reproductive or resting
    types: plasmodial, cellular

Question 20

plasmodial slime molds

Answer 20

-huge, single cell multinucleate oozing masses

Question 21

cellular slime mold

Answer 21

• individual cells in a big colony (early form of multicellularity)
• can combine and differentiate

Question 22

choanoflagellates

Answer 22

• likely the ancestor of entire animal lineage

- resemble modern sponges