Lecture 16: Angiosperm & Coevolution of Plants Flashcards
what is the “abominable mystery
-Darwin curious where complex and specialized structures of angiosperms came from
nine clades of angiosperms
- archaefructus
- amborella
- nymphaeales
- austrobaileyales
- chloranthaceae
- ceratophyllum
- magnoliids
- eudicots
- monocots
archaefructus
- fruits
- male and female reproductive parts
- no petals or sepals
- all herbaceous
- aquatic shrubs
- extinct (may be origin of angiosperms)
herbacious
-doesn’t have any wooden parts of a flowers
amborella
- most ancient that’s extant
- small shrub or small tree
- functionally dioecious but only one sex develops and is fertile
- very small flowers
types: amborella trichopoda (only remaining species left)
nymphaeales
- aka water lilies
- fully aquatic(w/ extremely showy flowers)
- no vessel cells since aquatic
- stomata on one side of leaves (on top)
- extended leaf and flower stems(allows it to float and photosynthesize on water’s surface)
austrobaileyales
- small group
- woody plants
- used in cooking
- types: star anise
chloranthaceae
- several dozen species of woody plants
- in tropics or subtropics
- (winter looking plants w red beads in the middle)
ceratophyllum
- contains aquarium plants
- high O2 production
- float in great #’s just below surface of water
- important for ecosystems bc it offers excellent preotection to fish spwarn
magnoliids
- economically important (food, drugs)
- trimerous (parts in 3s)
- broad leaves w branching veins
- types: avocado, nutmeg, mase
eudicots
- most successful
- 4/5 merous flowers (parts in 4s or 5s)
- broad leaves w branched veins
- types: rose, pea
monocots
- thin leaves w parallel veins
- economic importance: fruits, veggies, basic grains
- trimerous
- i.e.: tulips, iris, lily
pollination vs fertilization
- they don’t equal each other
- mating is the act of pollination, pollen then germinates which leads to the pollen tube which allows sperm to get to ovule. This fusion is fertilization (so you need pollination to get to fertilization).
abiotic vs. biotic (pollinators)
- abiotic = non-living
- biotic = living (and can carry pollen farther)
water as a pollination syndrome
- water can move non-motile pollen used by most aquatic species (some water lilies)
- the pollen must float and be waterproof and plants have to be close together
- i.e. water starwort
wind as a pollination syndrome
- plants that use this usually have small, white/pale green, odorless flowers
- often hang in large clusters
- allows them to wave in wind and shed pollen easily
pollination syndrome
-set of characteristics that allow you to recognize what pollinator is most likely visiting
coevolution
-when 2 species must evolve in concert bc they rely on one another
beetles as a pollination syndrome
- old fossils show that beetles may have been first biotic pollinators
- flowers that use them are large, scented, and flat/dish shaped to help beetles out
short tongued bees/flies as a pollination syndrome
-can’t reach into tubular flowers so go to open, shallow flowers
long tongued bees as a pollination syndrome
- can reach down into tubular flowers, can get to nectar
- flowers are often yellow, purple, or blue and have nectar guides to show where nectar is
butterfly as a pollination syndrome
- flowers almost always pink/lavender and have to have a landing area
- more nectar is offered than pollen bc they can’t digest pollen
moths as a pollination syndrome
- they’re nocturnal or corpuscular so flowers tend to be white and night opening, large and showy
- usually has a strong sweet smell when it opens, nutrients rich nectar, and nectar guides
hummingbirds as a pollination syndrome
- long thin beaks perfectly fit into tubulars, nectar low in amino acids
- red or orange bc less competition, odorless
bats as a pollination syndrome
- flowers tend to be large, showy, light, and night opening, bell shaped, and hanging down
- bats find them with smell and sound
nectar guide
- lines/stripes/dots to indicate where nectar is
- sometimes can only been seen with UV
goals for flowers
-get pollen, give pollen, make sure pollinators don’t take rewards without getting/giving pollen
aristolochia
- aka trap flowers
- tube like
- flies fly in to get pollen deep inside flower
- hairs allow fly to fly in, but not out until plant stigma receives pollen and gives fly pollen
