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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 15: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

parts of a seed

A
  • megaspore
  • megasporangium
  • integument
  • micropyle
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2
Q

megaspore

A

-spore that gives rise to a female gametophyte

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3
Q

megasporangium

A
  • food source for developing embryo

- i.e. the fleshy part of a coconut

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4
Q

integument

A
  • protects seed
  • harden into the seed coat
  • i.e. the hard part of a pumpkin seed
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5
Q

micropyle

A

-small opening to megasporangium

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6
Q

seed

A

-a plant embryo

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7
Q

three ways seeds are adaptive

A
  • embryophytic
  • dispersal (hard seed coat allows ability to disperse far from maternal plant)
  • dormancy (allows seed to choose when to open and wait for a time of high resources/good environmental conditions)
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8
Q

homospory

A
  • sporophyte produces a single type of spore

- i.e. ferns

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9
Q

heterospory

A
  • mature sporophyte produces 2 types of sporangia (male and female)
  • i.e. seed plants
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10
Q

microspore mother cell

A
  • can be found in pollen cones

- inside male sporangia, mother cells with meiotically divide to make microspores

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11
Q

strobulis

A

-pollen bearing cones

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12
Q

microspore

A
  • go through mitosis

- develop into pollen grain

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13
Q

pollen

A
  • male gametophyte

- multicellular

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14
Q

sperm

A

-inside pollen grain cells undergo mitosis to make sperm

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15
Q

ovules

A
  • seed bearing cones contain ovules

- will develop into seeds after fertilization

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16
Q

female gametophyte

A
  • produces megaspores
  • undergo meiosis to form 4 megaspores (female spores)
    • ->only 1 is functional
  • enclosed in protective tissue and dependent on sporophyte for nutrition
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17
Q

male gametophyte

A
  • pollen grain
  • produces microspores
  • divide by mitosis to form pollen grain
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18
Q

naked seeds

A
  • gymnosperms means “naked seed”

- seed not always wrapped in sporophytic tissue & gametophytic tissue is exposed to the outside

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19
Q

pollen tube

A
  • allow delivery of sperm to egg cells

- grows mitotically from pollen grain

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20
Q

why aren’t seed plants dependent on water?

A

-because they’re good at dispersal and dormancy

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21
Q

types of gymnosperms

A
  • cycads
  • ginkgos
  • gnetophytes
  • conifers
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22
Q

cycads

A
  • ancient, large
  • slow growing
  • motile sperm (swim down pollen tube)
  • resemble palm trees
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23
Q

ginkgos

A
  • only one extant species
  • dioecious
  • motile sperm
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24
Q

dioecious

A

-separate male and female individuals

25
Q

female ginkgo biloba

A
  • lost their cones
  • have fruit
  • have a horrible smell
26
Q

male ginkgo biloba

A

-have papery cones

27
Q

gnetophytes

A
  • have vessel cells that homoplasious (convergence)

- types: gnetum, welwitschia, ephedra

28
Q

vessel cells

A
  • only gymnosperms to share a form of tracheid cells

- allows for efficient transfer of water & nutrients

29
Q

welwitschia

A
  • type of gnetophytes
  • only base two leaves, cup shaped
  • dioecious
  • live in deserts
  • long leaves
30
Q

ephdera

A
  • mormon tea
  • many medical uses
  • can lead to strokes
31
Q

conifers

A

-most common gymnosperm

32
Q

flower

A
  • reproductive part of angiosperm

- evolved from leaves

33
Q

traits of angiosperms

A
  • develops flowers

- have fruit (used as seed nutrition and attraction for seed dispersion)

34
Q

sepals

A
  • flowers open out of this and hang below flower

- can be green

35
Q

petals

A
  • attract pollinators

- colorful

36
Q

anthers

A

-site of microscopic or pollen production

37
Q

filaments

A

-holds up anthers to be more accessible to pollinators or the wind

38
Q

stamens

A
  • anther filament combo

- male part

39
Q

ovary

A

-houses ovules

40
Q

ovules

A

-produces megaspores

41
Q

style

A

-what the pollen tube has to go through in order to reach the flower

42
Q

stigma

A

-site where pollen lands

43
Q

carpel

A

-female part

44
Q

apple anatomy

A
  • apple forms a single carpel with interior seeds from many ovules
  • ovary swells up and sugars develop making it tasty
  • withered sepal on the bottom of apple
45
Q

tomato anatomy

A
  • true berry with fused carpels in ovary

- used to be 4 but humans removed 2 to dec. # of seeds

46
Q

peas anatomy

A
  • a fruit
  • ovary doesn’t thicken
  • ovules gain sugars and swell up around seed
  • each seed has a sugary coat & the bean is the ovary
47
Q

peach anatomy

A
  • aka a drupe

- seed is inside the hard pit

48
Q

blackberry anatomy

A
  • many ovaries
  • many carpels that form in a single flower that don’t fuse
  • each bud on a berry is from a single ovary with a seed inside
49
Q

pineapple

A
  • compound/multiple fruit
  • many flowers form on the parent plant on a single stem & as the seed develops, in each of the flowers the fruit fuses around into a single large fruit that contains many seeds
50
Q

synergids

A

-cells that flank eggs when entering micropyle

51
Q

antipodals

A

-on opposite side from the synergids in the ovule

52
Q

polar nuclei

A

-two haploid nuclei in center of ovule

53
Q

pollen tube

A

-contains tube cell and generative cell

54
Q

tube cell

A

-makes pollen tube grow by dividing

55
Q

generative cell

A
  • undergo single meiotic division

- makes 2 functional sperm cells

56
Q

double ferilization

A

-open sperm fertilizes egg(makes 2n zygote), the other fuses with the 2 polar nuclei (makes 3n endosperm)

57
Q

3n endosperm

A
  • rapidly divides

- forms the nutritional tissue

58
Q

how is the angiosperm life cycle different than the gymnosperm life cycle?

A
  • reduced cell number in female gametophyte
  • faster speed of pollen tube growth
  • double fertilization
  • triploid endosperm
  • fruit
59
Q

what makes angiosperms so successful?

A
  • their vessel cells
  • rapid mutation
  • pollinators
  • fruit

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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