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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 14: Land Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

what is a major way that plants differ from protists?

A

-plants are multicellular

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2
Q

challenges to land living?

A
  • drying out (need to survive long term in air)
  • structural support by itself (w/o the support of a water column)
  • reproduction (dependent on water to transport gametes so they gotta find a new way to reproduce)
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3
Q

adaptation to land

A
  • embryophyte
  • cuticle
  • stomata
  • pigmentation
  • fungal relationship
  • tracheid cells
  • seeds
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4
Q

embryophytic adaptation

A

-have structure to protect developing embryo and prevent it from drying out

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5
Q

cuticle adaptation

A

-waxy substance that traps water inside of plant thus hard to get air in which has CO2 which is necessary

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6
Q

stomata adaptation

A

-holes that open to let air in, then close to keep water in

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7
Q

pigmentation adaptation

A

-blocks out UV rays since water no longer will

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8
Q

fungal relationship adaptation

A

-having a relationship with soil fungi helps them get nutrients

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9
Q

tracheid cells

A

-specialized cells that allow for water and nutrient transport from the roots to the leaves

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10
Q

tracheid cells adaptation

A

-allows the plant to become much larger organisms

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11
Q

seeds

A

-ultimate form of embryo protection

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12
Q

diplontic life cycle

A
  • have only diploid stages of life(multicellular)

- gametes never undergo mitosis

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13
Q

haplodiplontic life cycle

A
  • have multicellular, haploid, and diploid cycles
  • almost all plants have two forms (haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte)
  • have multicellular haploid and diploid stages
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14
Q

sporangia

A
  • specialized structures in the sporophyte

- where diploid spore mother undergoes meiosis and produce haploid spores

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15
Q

spore mother cells

A

-in sporangia, undergo meiosis and produce the haploid cells

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16
Q

spores

A

-any haploid cell that will divide by mitosis and become multicellular

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17
Q

archegonium

A
  • produces eggs

- where mitosis of gametophytes occur

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18
Q

antheridium

A
  • produce sperm

- where mitosis of gametophytes occurs

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19
Q

syngamy

A

-the fusion of gametes (fertilization)

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20
Q

gametophyte

A
  • haploid generation that gives rise to gametes

- alternates with sporophytes

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21
Q

how do the events of meiosis and syngamy shape the haplodiplontic life cycle?

A
  • meiosis goes from diploid to haploid

- syngamy goes from haploid to diploid

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22
Q

dominant life stages traits

A
  • varies within in plants

- haploid stages sensitive to recessive mutations

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23
Q

rhodophyta

A
  • aka red algaes
  • outgroup
  • vary in size
  • color comes from accessible photosynthetic pigment, many don’t appear tho
  • makes nori
24
Q

chloroplast formation

A
  • result from primary endosymbiosis
  • led to chloroplasts with two membranes
  • brown algae is an example of secondary endosymbiosis
25
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

-single event that gave rise to green and red algae

26
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

-when a new lineage gain photosynthetic ability by engulfing a product of the primary photosynthetic event

27
Q

chlorophyll types

A
  • chlorophyll a: land plants, red, brown, & green algae
  • chlorophyll b: green algae, land plants
  • chlorophyll c: brown algae
28
Q

which chlorophyll type is found in cyanobacteria?

A

-chlorophyll a

29
Q

chlorophytes

A
  • contains most green algaes
  • monophyletic, unicellular and multicellular
  • share a flattened cell form w/ most land plants
  • some are haplodiplontic
  • types: chlamydomonas, volvox
30
Q

chlamydomonas

A
  • primitive chlorophyte
  • green algae
  • unicellular
31
Q

volvox

A
  • colonial, mobile, complex
  • most aren’t reproductive
  • represents an early form of multicellularity
32
Q

stoneworts

A
  • sister to land plants
  • filamentous form
  • homologous traits with land plants(mitosis style, cell structures)
  • types: chara sp.
  • show branching apical growth
33
Q

apical growth

A

-growth from only the tips of the organism

34
Q

chara sp.

A
  • part of stoneworts
  • form green mats around edges of freshwater ponds
  • able to adapt to dry environments
35
Q

what does non-vascular cells mean?

A

-no tracheid cells

36
Q

bryophyte traits

A
  • embryophytic
  • gametophyte dominant (thus plants spend most of their life haploid)
  • sporophyte grows out of gametophyte and is dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
  • require water for sexual reproduction(for gametes to float in)
  • not photosynthetic
37
Q

non-vascular plants

A
  • aka bryophytes

- liverworts, mosses, hornworts

38
Q

liverworts

A
  • part of bryophytes
  • gametophyte stage
  • not as efficient as tracheids and can’t move things very far(so they’re short)
39
Q

moss

A
  • part of bryophytes
  • doesn’t have true leaves
  • work well in extreme climates
  • really vulnerable to recessive mutations
40
Q

hornwort

A
  • part of bryophytes

- sporophyte stage

41
Q

moss life cycle

A
  • gametophyte dominant, requires water
  • sporophyte completely dependent on gametophyte for nutrition b/c it itself doesn’t do photosynthesis
  • really vulnerable to recessive mutations
42
Q

xylem

A

-brings water and minerals up

43
Q

benefits of tracheid cells

A
  • allow plants to get tall

- have stiff cell walls and give plants structure(allows them to stand)

44
Q

phloem

A

-brings sugar and nutrients down

45
Q

seedless vascular plants (tracheophytes) traits

A
  • embryophytic
  • sporophyte dominant (diploid)
  • free-living gametophyte (lacks vasculature)
  • can get very large
  • types: lycophytes, monilophytes
46
Q

lycophytes

A
  • aka club mosses
  • most primitive tracheophytes
  • small
  • have microphylls
47
Q

microphylls

A
  • weed-like structures
  • leaves without vasculature
  • arranged around stem in spirals
48
Q

megaphylls

A
  • true leaves
  • with vasculature
  • veiny leaf
49
Q

monilophytes

A
  • monophyletic
  • sisters to seed plants
  • 1st group to have megaphylls
    types: horsetails, ferns
50
Q

sori

A
  • clusters of sporangia release the spores

- unite the ferns

51
Q

fern life cycle

A
  • sori have spore mother cells, undergo meiosis and release haploid cells which are wind dispersed, will germinate in soil
  • embryo develops into archegonium and as soon as its able to photosynthesize the gametophyte will die and the sporophyte will be independent
52
Q

giant sequoia

A
  • aka sequoiadendron giganteum

- biggest organism on earth

53
Q

coast redwood

A
  • aka sequoia sempervirens

- tallest organism on earth

54
Q

horsetails

A
  • no leaves
  • photosynthetic stems
  • have rings of actively dividing cells that can regrow if you cut off the top
55
Q

ferns

A
  • dominant the tracheophytes

- vary greatly in size

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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