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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 21: Vertebrates, Fish, & Amphibians > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Vertebrates, Fish, & Amphibians Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

vertebrate traits

A
  • all have heads
  • endoskeletons supported by vertebrate
  • internal organs
  • circulatory systems
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2
Q

head in vertebrates

A
  • make us all look similar
  • it’s an interior skull (made of bone/cartilage) containing a brain
  • head has a concentration of sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose and/or mouth)
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3
Q

internal organs in vertebrates

A
  • suspended in coelom

- includes lungs, liver, kidney, stomach, heart, and endocrine system

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4
Q

endoskeleton supported by vertebrate in vertebrates

A
  • protects dorsal nerve cord (which allows brain to direct movements)
  • it’s made of cartilage or bone which is advantageous over chitin bc it grows w you and allows us to be big
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5
Q

circulatory system in vertebrate

A

-pumped by a muscular heart

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6
Q

hagfish

A
  • the outgroup to vertebrates, but now we realize they’re closely related to lamprey
  • may be the 1st vertebrates since lamprey are def. vertebrate (collectively the cyclostomes)
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7
Q

why are people hesitant about hagfish being a vertebrate?

A
  • they have 3 accessory hearts
  • a weak circulatory system
  • a partial skull with no cerebrum or cerebellum
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8
Q

vertebrate groups

A
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • mammals
  • reptiles
  • birds
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9
Q

fish diversity

A
  • only fully aquatic group, most diverse group of vertebrates
  • certain adaptations from them allowed for the invasion of land by amphibians
  • types: sea horses/ leafy sea dragon, tunas, eels, manta rays
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10
Q

five traits of all fish

A
  • jaws
  • paired appendages
  • internal gills
  • single loop blood circulation
  • amino acid deficiencies
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11
Q

jaws on fish

A
  • allow them to catch and eat larger prey

- supports a larger organism

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12
Q

paired appendages on a fish

A
  • pectoral pair of fins and pelvic pair at hips
  • helps stabilize and propel them
  • eventually evolve to be jointed which gives us our appendages
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13
Q

internal gills on fish

A

-allow them to extract oxygen from water

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14
Q

single loop blood circulation in fish

A
  • blood is pumped from heart to gills (where it gets oxygen), then to the rest of the body, then back to the heart
  • our circulatory system is double looped.
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15
Q

amino acid deficiencies in fish

A
  • unable to synthesize 3 different amino acids, so must get them through food
  • they’ve passed this onto the rest of invertebrate
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16
Q

agnathans

A

-no jaw

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17
Q

extinct placoderms

A
  • lived during early time of jaws

- after extinct, replaced with sharks

18
Q

modern gnathostomes

A

-“jaw mouths”

19
Q

sharks and rays

A
  • they have lightweight and strong skeletons made of cartilage
  • have very efficient jaws and were the first to evolve teeth
  • the teeth aren’t embedded in their jaws and they have lots of rows of them
  • after Permian extinction, you see them and rays get big
  • they diverge from the rest and that’s when you start seeing bony fish
20
Q

cartilage vs. bony

A
  • cartilage makes organisms fast and agile and bone is heavy but strong and gives power of movement
  • has allowed the transition to land to occur
21
Q

importance of teeth

A

-allows them to chew their food, eat larger prey, and increase the nutrients they take in from their food

22
Q

swim bladders

A

-used to counter heavy bony skeleton. Can increase or decrease air in it, allows fish to control position in water and remain buoyant

23
Q

ray-finned fish

A
  • have parallel bony rays that stiffen their fins and their internal muscles control their fin movements
  • they move their fins in concert
24
Q

lobe-finned fish

A
  • only 8 extant species
  • have muscular lobes and central core of bones in fleshy lobe
  • only have the ray bones in the tips of their fins
  • types: coelacanths, lungfish
25
Q

ichthyostega

A
  • one of the earliest amphibian fossils we have
  • came after Tiktaalik
  • moved a lot like a seal
  • had better smell/hearing than fish
26
Q

challenges of land Invasion

A
  • moving heavy bodies
  • replacing gills
  • increasing oxygen intake and delivery to larger muscles for walking
  • preventing drying out of eggs and body
27
Q

amphibians

A
  • “double life”, they only partially solved the challenges of land invasion
  • both aquatic and terrestrial
28
Q

traits shared by modern amphibians

A
  • legs
  • lungs
  • cutaneous respiration
  • pulmonary veins
  • partially divided hearts
29
Q

legs on amphibians

A

-for walking

30
Q

lungs in amphibians

A

-have less surface area for O2 than in mammals or reptiles, so they supplement O2 intake

31
Q

cutaneous respiration in amphibians

A
  • how they supplement oxygen intake

- breathing through skin in order to get enough oxygen and get rid of enough carbon dioxide

32
Q

pulmonary veins in amphibians

A
  • lung veins return deoxygenated blood to heart to pump to rest of body
  • stronger flow once blood is oxygenated to get blood to the rest of the body
33
Q

partially divided hearts in amphibians

A

-what gets pumped out to the rest of the body isn’t fully oxygenated bc there’s a little hole that mixes oxygenated and non-oxygenated

34
Q

major amphibian groups

A
  • frogs
  • salamanders
  • caecilians
35
Q

age of amphibians

A
  • when amphibians ruled terrestrial habitats
  • grew to be very large and developed thick skin and body armor which means they must have depended on their lungs entirely
  • the rise of reptiles led to the decline of amphibians
36
Q

frogs

A

-have smooth/moist skin and long legs

37
Q

toads

A

-have dry/bumpy skin and short legs

38
Q

what frogs and toads have in common

A

-both don’t have tails, live in a wide range of environments and lay eggs

39
Q

salamanders

A
  • elongated bodies and tails
  • big range in size
  • tend to live in moist place
  • young look very similar to adults
40
Q

mud puppies

A

-group of salamanders that is fully aquatic

41
Q

caecilians

A
  • have lost limbs
  • live in the tropics
  • they burrow
  • are worm-like
  • have jaw, skull, vertebrate, and brains
42
Q

eryops megacephalus

A

-big amphibian from age of amphibians

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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