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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 12: Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: unicellularity

A
  • prokaryotes: typically unicellular (can form colonies or filaments)
  • eukaryotes: uni or multicellular
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2
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: internal structure

A
  • prokaryotes: no membrane bounded organelles & cytoskeleton (thus enzymes and cell proteins are either free floating or embedded in cell membrane)
  • eukaryotes: highly compartmentalized, many organelles
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3
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: chromosomes

A
  • prokaryotes: single, circular DNA chromosome in a nucleoid region
  • eukaryotes: double membrane bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes
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4
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: cell division

A
  • prokaryotes: binary fission

- eukaryotes: mitosis

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5
Q

binary fission

A
  • prokaryotes replicate by a type of simple cell division where they divide into two
    • -> can reproduce every 20 mins or up to days
    • -> can suspend their division for more than a century
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6
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: gene transfer

A
  • prokaryotes: lateral transfer

- eukaryotes: recombination

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7
Q

lateral transfer

A
  • the movement of chunks of DNA from one prokaryote to another
  • crosses species’ borders
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8
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: cell wall

A
  • prokaryotes: ubiquitous; have peptidoglycan or pseudomurein (ubiquitous= they all have cell walls)
  • eukaryotes: in some organisms(plants, fungus, protists); no peptidoglycan
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9
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: size

A
  • prokaryotes: typically small

- eukaryotes: typically large

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10
Q

flagella

A

-found on some cells in both groups always leading to mobility

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11
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  • polysaccharide
  • polymer of sugars and amino acids
  • stiffened and made firm in varying amounts of this
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12
Q

pseudomurein

A
  • does same thing as peptidoglycan
  • found in archaea
  • polysaccharide
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13
Q

thermotoga maritima

A
  • bacteria that can survive in extremely high temperatures

- shows that their traits aren’t being passed down vertically through time but instead horizontally (lateral transfer)

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14
Q

gram + cells

A
  • stains purple
  • a lot of peptidoglycan
  • their cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
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15
Q

gram - cells

A
  • stains pink/red
  • little/no peptidoglycan
  • their cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • i.e. Archaea
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16
Q

how was bacteria classified before genetic analysis?

A
  • shape (sphere, rod, spiral)
  • metabolism
  • gram + or -
  • motile or not
  • photosynthetic or not
  • unicellular, colony forming, or filamentous
17
Q

types of bacterial shapes

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spirillum
18
Q

metabolism

A

-how organisms gain nutrients

19
Q

obligate aerobes

A

-need oxygen

20
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

-don’t oxygen

21
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

-can move btwn anaerobic forms of metabolism (fermentation) and aerobic forms (cellular respiration)

22
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A
  • aka “air tolerant”

- cannot use O2 for their metabolism(don’t need it) but they’re not harmed by O2

23
Q

autotrophs

A

-self feeders

24
Q

heterotrophs

A

-other feeders

25
Q

which group have all four metabolic styles?

A

-bacteria

26
Q

photoautotrophs

A
  • has chlorophyll
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: CO2
  • chlorophyll converts light to energy & this with water (electron donor) are used to break down the CO2 to gain carbon and release O2 in the process
  • only in bacteria and archaea
27
Q

chlorophyll

A

-pigment to gain energy

28
Q

chemoautotrophs

A
  • energy source: chemical bonds
  • carbon source: CO2
  • breaking bonds of inorganic chemicals and capture the energy stored within those bonds to break down CO2 as their carbon source to make sugars
  • found on seafloor near hot hydrothermal vents; no sunlight
29
Q

photoheterotrophs

A
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: eating other organisms
  • use bacteriochlorophyll to convert energy from the sun but can’t break down CO2 so they gain carbon from organic compounds that have been made by other organisms
30
Q

heterotrophs

A

-energy & carbon source: other organisms

31
Q

thermophilic

A

-heat loving

32
Q

cryophilic

A

-cold-loving

33
Q

halophilic

A

-salt-loving

34
Q

acidophilic

A

-acid-loving

35
Q

metagenomics

A
  • study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples
  • the techniques are helping us to learn more ab prokaryotic archaeans
36
Q

archaea characteristics

A
  • have no peptidoglycan
  • gram -
  • most love extreme environments but not all
37
Q

what does prokaryote mean?

A

-pre-nucelus

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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