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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 5: Mendel and Basic Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Mendel and Basic Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

blending inheritance

A

-gametes contained genes that blended when the gamet fused

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2
Q

why did Mendel work with peas?

A
  • small, easy to grow, very short generation time

- therefore easy to get a lot of data on them very quickly

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3
Q

true breeding

A
  • a plant that when they reproduce, all the offspring look like the parents
  • he focused on flower color trait
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4
Q

monohybrid cross

A

-causes btwn 2 individuals that only differ in terms of a single trait

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5
Q

trait

A
  • a specific form of a character

- ex: eye color is a character, brown eyes are a trait)

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6
Q

hybrid

A

-the offspring of crosses btwn organisms differing in one or more characters

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7
Q

p generation

A
  • parental generation

- the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

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8
Q

F1 generation

A

-the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

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9
Q

F2 generation

A

-offspring of the F1 generation

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10
Q

cross fertilization

A
  • aka pollination
  • process by which sperm from one flower’s pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower’s pollen fertilzes the eggs in a flower of a different plant
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11
Q

self crossing

A

-pollen with fertilize an egg from the same plant

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12
Q

latent trait

A

-present but unseen traits (like carriers)

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13
Q

gene

A

-the unit of genetiv function which carries the information which carries the information for a polypeptife of RNA

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14
Q

allele

A

-the alternate form of a genetic character found at locus of a chromosome

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15
Q

homozygous

A

-an organism that has two alleles that are the same

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

-an organism that has two different alleles

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17
Q

phenotype

A

-the physical appearance of an organism resulting from both genetic and environmental factors

18
Q

genotype

A

-the genetic constitution og an individual, either with respect to a single trait or with respect to a larger set of traits

19
Q

law of segregation

A
  • two alleles segregate during gamete formation to be rejoined at random during formation
  • allows for the expression of latent traits in heterozygous parents
20
Q

what is the phenotype and genotype ratios in a one gene punnett square?

A
  • phenotype: 3:1

- genotype: 1:2:1

21
Q

what is the phenotype ratio in a dihybrid cross?

A
  • 9:3:3:1

- in F2 generations

22
Q

the principle of independent assortment

A

-in a dihybrid cross the alleles of each gene assort independently

23
Q

do genes always assort independently?

A
  • no, they’re sometimes linked

- sometimes certain traits that belong to a given alleles almost always appear together

24
Q

what does it mean to “cross” something?

A

-to breed

25
Q

the meaning of the five element model: what conclusions does Mendel draw from each of his elements?

A
  • parents give information to offspring
  • each offspring gets 2 copies of each factor
  • not all factors are the same and different combinations lead to different traits
  • alleles don’t blend
  • presence of a factor doesn’t guarantee it’ll be expressed
26
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

-double heterozygous trait

27
Q

two state cases vs. multi-state cases

A
  • two state: cases of either/or
  • multi-state: more than one thing affects genes; addictively affect inheritance (ex: some alleles add height, some don’t)
28
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

-the heredity of complex characters that are determined by a large number of genes, each one usually having a realitvely small effect

29
Q

epistasis

A
  • an allele of one gene modifies or prevents the expression of alleles at another gene
    • ->ex: one locus determines the color of the flower, however, the other locus determines the color of the flower
30
Q

how is epistasis different from polygenic inheritance?

A
  • epistasis is when an allele of one gene modifies or prevents the expression of alleles at another gene
  • polygenic inheritance is when multiple genes affect a phenotype
31
Q

given a genotype, would you know what color a labrador was?

A
  • yes if given what alleles were dominant and recessive
  • ee = yellow lab
  • E_bb = brown lab
  • E_B_ = black lab
32
Q

pleiotropy

A
  • aka multiple effect

- 1 gene = many traits/trait outcomes

33
Q

why is sickle cell still around?

A
  • sickle cell anemia > malaria > immune

- malaria = immune

34
Q

incomplete domniance

A

-the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate btwn the two homozygous phenotypes; neither of the 2 alleles is dominant

35
Q

codominance

A

-a condition in which two alleles at a locus produce different phenotypic effects and both effects appear in heterozygotes

36
Q

how does incomplete dominance differ from codominance? could you tell them apart?

A
  • in incomplete dominance, the phenotype resembles a sort of bleding of the two alleles (red and white pedals blended make pink petals)
  • codominance is when both alleles are expressed separately(red and white pedals blended make a flower with white and red splotches)
37
Q

environmental effects on gene expression

A
  • huge impact on genes

- darker fur on extremeties and head due to the less blood flow/lower temperature, but white fur close to body

38
Q

how are blood types determined?

A

-based on what parent’s blood types are and what results of codominance

39
Q

the importance of quantification of results

A

-mathematical to see traits would show in ratios

40
Q

gregor mendel and his work

A
  • focused on how traits were passed down
  • wanted all offspring to look alike
  • crossed 1 true bred & created a hybrid, then crossed hybrids
41
Q

gamete

A
  • sex cells that contain sets of chromosomes

- 2 come together to form new life

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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