Proteins Flashcards
All proteins are synthesized in the liver, and by hepatocyte, except _____________
Immunoglobulins
Plasma Proteins (Migration in Electrophoresis)
Pre-albumin Albumin a1-globulin: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a2-globulin: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b-globulin: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ y-globulin: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Pre-albumin
Albumin
a1-globulin: a1-antitrypsin, a1-acid glycoprotein, a-fetoprotein, Group-specific component globulin, a1-antichymotrypsin
a2-globulin: a2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin
b-globulin: Transferrin, Hemopexin, b2-microglobulin, complement, Fibrinogen, Lipoproteins
y-globulin: Immunoglobulins, CRP
Prealbumin is also known as __________
Transthyretin
Used in Malnutrition Detection
Prealbumin
Albumin is a ______ acute phase reactant and a _______ transport protein.
Negative Acute Phase Reactant
General Transport Medium
Prognostic Marker for Cystic Fibrosis
Albumin
Presence of 2 bands in the albumin region
Bisalbuminemia
Major inhibitor of protease activity (protease neutrophil elastase)
a1-antitrypsin
Deficiency of a1-antitrypsin causes damage in alveoli that results to ___________________
Emphysema or Emphysematous pulmonary Disease
Most Abundant in Fetal Serum
AFP
AFP can be detectable in maternal blood up to ____ or ____ week.
7th or 8th week
Increased AFP in maternal blood can cause ________________ and _________________
Spina Bifida
Neural Tube Defects
Tumor Marker for Hepatic (HCC) and Gonadal
Alpha fetoprotein
Exhibits affinity with Vitamin D and actin or Vitamin D binding protein
Group specific component Globulin
a1 antichymotrypsin binds and inactivates __________________ and is associated with ____________.
Inactivates PSA and is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Largest non-immunoglobulin in plasma
a2 macroglobulin
a2 macroglobulin is increased 10x in _______________
Nephrosis/Nephrotic Syndrome
Copper-binding protein and a marker for Wilson’s disease
Ceruloplasmin
Decreased ceruloplasmin is seen in _______________, and _____________
Wilson’s Disease
Menke’s kinky-hair
Condition with deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornea (Kayser Fisher rings)
Wilsons Disease
Binds Free Hemoglobin in its alpha chain
Haptoglobin
Light chain component of HLA
B2 microglobulin
Transports Iron and prevent Iron Loss
Transferrin/Siderophilin
Binds Heme released by degradation of Hb
Hemopexin
Hemopexin detects for ____________
Early Hemolysis
Long Term Marker for prognosis of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CHD)
Fibrinogen
Highest complement protein in serum
C3
General Scavenger Molecule and General Marker for Inflammation which binds to C polysaccharide of the pneumococcus
CRP
Nonspecific marker for chest pain and early detection of acute myocardial infarction
Myoglobin
Has greater cardiac specificity and highly specific for AMI
Troponin I
Tropomyosin Subunit
Troponin T
Diagnostic for Congestive Heart Failure
B Natriuretic Peptide
Negative Acute Phase Reactants
Albumin
Transferrin
Protein Structures
Primary: _________
Secondary: ________
Tertiary: _________
Quaternary: _________
Protein Structures
Primary: Linear Pattern
Secondary: Bend Form/Twisting Pattern
Tertiary: Folding Pattern
Quaternary: Large Complex
Protein structure that is responsible for protein function
Tertiary Structure
Only protein with no Quaternary Structure
Albumin
Unaffected by protein denaturation
Primary Structure
First to be affected by Protein denaturation
Tertiary Structure
Determines the cause of Anemia
Transferrin
List of Proteins that is NOT quantified by SPE
Mnemonics: CHACGc
Ceruloplasmin Hemopexin Alpha-acid glycoprotein CRP Gc-globulin
Specimen prepared for Protein Determination
Serum
Protein in CSF is ____ compared to plasma protein
< 1%
Aminoacidopathies
Disease: Enzyme defect
Phenylketonuria: _________
Tyrosinemia: ____________
Alkaptonuria: ___________
MSUD: ___________
Phenylketonuria: Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosinemia: Type I - Fumarylacetoacetate Type II - Tyrosine aminotransferase Alkaptonuria: Homogentisic acid oxidase MSUD: a-keto acid decarboxylase
Reference Method in Protein Determination
Kjeldahl Method
Most widely used method
Biuret
Method based on measurement of the Nitrogen content of protein.
Kjeldahl Method
Method based on number of peptide bonds
Biuret
Principle: Biuret Method
Formation of VIOLET COLORED CHELATE between Cu2+ ions and peptide bonds
End color Product in Biuret Reaction
Violet
Amino acid requires at least ______ hrs of fasting, in order to avoid the effect of absorbed amino acids from diet.
6 - 8 hrs
Storage of Protein Sample
Month: ______
2 months: ______
Storage of Protein Sample
Month: 2C - 4C
2 months: - 20C
Color Product in Folin-Lowry Method
Deep blue color
_____________ is the most widely used method in albumin determination
Dye Binding
Indication of small spikes in the B region
Iron deficiency anemia
Abnormal SEP: Gamma Spike
Multiple Myeloma
Abnormal SEP: B-y bridging
Hepatic Cirrhosis
Abnormal SEP: a2 globulin spike
Nephrotic Syndrome
Abnormal SEP: a1 globulin flat curve
a1 antitrypsin deficiency
Abnormal SEP: a1, a2, B globulin spike
Inflammation
Most specific dye that bind to ALBUMIN ONLY
Bromocresol Purple
Most common Dye
Bromocresol Green
