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Clinical Chemistry > Acid and Base > Flashcards

Acid and Base Flashcards

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1
Q

Organs associated with Acid Base Balance Regulation

A

Lungs

Kidneys

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2
Q

Yield hydronium ions (H+) when dissolved in water

A

Acid

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3
Q

Yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

Base

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4
Q

Resists changes in pH

A

Buffer

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5
Q

Normal Blood pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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6
Q

pH Level

ACIDOSIS:
ALKALOSIS:

A

pH Level

ACIDOSIS: < 7.35
ALKALOSIS: > 7.45

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7
Q

Respiratory Regulation

A

Lungs: Respiration

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8
Q

Metabolic Regulation

A

Kidneys: Reabsorption & Excretion of bicarbonate

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9
Q

Major Blood Buffer System

A

Bicarbonate and Carbonic Acid buffer system

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10
Q

Respiratory Regulation

Organ: _________
Regulation: ________
Action/Response: ________
Analytes Controlled: ________

A

Respiratory Regulation

Organ: Lungs
Regulation: Respiration/Ventilation
Action/Response: Immediate - SHORT term
Analytes Controlled: Oxygen & CO2

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11
Q

Metabolic Regulation

Organ: _________
Regulation: ________
Action: ________
Analytes Controlled: ________

A

Metabolic Regulation

Organ: Kidney
Regulation: Reabsorption and Excretion of HCO3-
Action/Response: Slow - LONG term
Analytes Controlled: HCO3-

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12
Q

Major Function of Kidney id Acid Base balance

A

Excretion/Reabsorption of H+ ions and HCO3-

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13
Q

Provide the first line of defense to the changes in acid base status

A

Lungs

Buffer

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14
Q

Optimum pH level of Arterial Blood

A

7.40

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15
Q

pH decreases by _______/each Celsius above 37%

A

0.015

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16
Q

pH range of arterial blood is _______ lower than venous blood

A

0.003 unit

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17
Q

Evaluates the VENTILATION of Lungs and provide an index of gas exchange

A

pCO2

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18
Q

Evaluates the DEGREE of OXYGENATION and reflects the availability of O2 in the blood

A

pO2

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19
Q

Common form of CO2 dissolved in the blood and the CO2 form present in blood circulation

A

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

HCO3- comprises about _____ of the total CO2 content

A

95%

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21
Q

Threshold value of Bicarbonate

A

26 - 30 mmol/L

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22
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Metabolic Acidosis

Primary Cause: Inc. Bicarbonate Excretion, Inc. H+ Reabsorption
Organ Affected: Kidney
Compensatory Organ: Lungs
Compensation: Hyperventilate

23
Q

Results - Metabolic Acidosis

pH:
HCO3:
pCO2:

A

Metabolic Acidosis

pH: decreased
HCO3: decreased
pCO2: increased

24
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

Primary Cause: Inc. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
Organ Affected: Kidney
Compensatory Organ: Lungs
Compensation: Hypoventilation

25
Q

Results - Metabolic Alkalosis

pH:
HCO3:
pCO2:

A

Results - Metabolic Alkalosis

pH: Increased
HCO3: Increased
pCO2: Decreased

26
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Respiratory Acidosis

Primary Cause: Hypoventilation
Organ Affected: Lungs
Compensatory Organ: Kidney
Compensation: Inc. Bicarbonate Reabsorption, H+ excretion

27
Q

Results - Respiratory Acidosis

pH:
HCO3:
pCO2:

A

Results - Respiratory Acidosis

pH: decreased
HCO3: decreased
pCO2: increased

28
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

Primary Cause: Hyperventilation
Organ Affected: Lungs
Compensatory Organ: Kidney
Compensation: Increased Bicarbonate excretion

29
Q

Results - Respiratory Alkalosis

pH:
HCO3:
pCO2:

A

Results - Respiratory Alkalosis

pH: increased
HCO3: increased
pCO2: decreased

30
Q

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A

Alveolar Capillary Diffusion and Perfusion: COPD, Bronchopneumonia, Asthma, Emphysema
Drug Abuse
Congestive Heart Failure - Cardiac Arrest
Stroke

31
Q

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

A 
CNS Disorders
Hypoxia
Salicylate or Aspirin Intoxication
Pregnancy
Physical Exercise
Cirrhosis - Hepatic Coma
Septicemia - Gram Negative
32
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

A

Increased H+ production: Metabolic Acidosis, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Lactic Acidosis, Poisoning (methanol & salicylate)

Reduced Acid reduction: RTA, Renal failure

Loss of Bases: Loss of Na, Diarrhea

33
Q

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

A 
Diuretics
Antacids
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Mineralocorticoid Activity: Cushing's syndrome, Hyperaldosteronism
Excess NaHCO3 administration
34
Q

Specimen of Choice to measure Acid-Base Status

A

Arterial Blood

35
Q

Anticoagulant used

A

0.05 ml/of blood (Preheparinized - Lithium Heparin)

36
Q

Syringe Method - Arterial Blood

Collection:
Blood Volume:
Anticoagulant:
Processing: 
Transport:
A

Syringe Method

Collection: Anaerobic collection - with rubber stopper
Blood Volume: 3 ml/cc
Anticoagulant: 0.05 ml/ml of blood
Processing: STAT - <30 mins. after collection;
Sample Analysis: 5 mins
Transport: CHILLING (with ice)

37
Q

Use of Butterfly and ETS is __________________

A

NOT RECOMMENDED - NEVER USE!!!

38
Q

Not recommended in Blood Gas Analysis

A

Do Not Use:

Butterfly needle
ETS
Liquid form of Heparin

39
Q

Rationale - Chilling with Ice

A

To maintain Low Temperature in order to:

  1. Increase solubility of O2, and gases to stay dissolved in the blood.
  2. Reduce O2 consumption
  3. Prevent the release of other metabolites that will change pH
40
Q

Effect if NOT Chilled

pH - _______
pO2 - _______
pCO2 - _______

A

Effect if NOT Chilled

pH - decrease
pO2 - decrease
pCO2 - increase

41
Q

Effect: ON STANDING (CLOSE TUBE)

pH - _______
pO2 - _______
pCO2 - _______
HCO3 - _______

A

Effect: ON STANDING

pH - decreased
pO2 - decreased
pCO2 - increased
HCO3 - increased

42
Q

Effect: ROOM AIR

pH - _______
pO2 - _______
pCO2 - _______
HCO3 - _______

A

Effect: ROOM AIR

pH - increased
pO2 - increased
pCO2 - decreased
HCO3 - decreased

43
Q

Every 1 C rise (37C) in Temperature - Fever:

pO2: _______ 7%
pCO2: ______ 3%

A

Every 1 C rise (37C) in Temperature - Fever:

pO2: decrease 7%
pCO2: increase 3%

44
Q

Increased Plasma Proteins

A

Increased pO2

45
Q

Increased Bacterial Contamination

A

Decreased pO2

46
Q

Glycolysis

A

Decreased: pH, pO2

47
Q

Principle: pO2 determination

A

Amperometry & Polarography

48
Q

Principle: pH & pCO2 detetmination

A

Potentiometry

49
Q

pH Electrode

Measuring Electrode: _______________
Reference electrode: _______________

A

pH Electrode

Measuring Electrode: Glass Sensing Electrode
Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl (internal)/Hg-Hg Cl (external) Electrode

50
Q

pO2 Electrode

Measuring Electrode: _______________
Reference electrode: _______________

A

pO2 Electrode

Measuring Electrode: Clarke Electrode
Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl Electrode

51
Q

pCO2 Electrode

Measuring Electrode: _______________
Reference electrode: _______________

A

pCO2 Electrode

Measuring Electrode: Severinghaus Electrode
Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl (internal)/Hg-Hg Cl (external) Electrode

52
Q

Gasometric Method is used for ______________ determination

A

Total CO2

53
Q

Reagents for Gasometric/Van Slyke/Natelson

Lactic acid:
Caprylic Acid:
NaOH:

A

Reagents for Gasometric/Van Slyke/Natelson

Lactic acid: Release CO2
Caprylic Acid: Prevent Foaming
NaOH: Absorb CO2

54
Q

Anti-Foam Reagent used in Gasometric Method

A

Caprylic Alcohol

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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