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Clinical Chemistry > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrolytes for Volume and Osmolality

A

Na
Cl
K

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2
Q

Electrolyte for Myocardial Rhythm and Contractility

A

Na
Ca
Mg

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3
Q

Cofactors

A

Mg
Ca
Zn

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4
Q

Acid Base Balance

A

K
Cl
HCO3

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5
Q

Blood Coagulation

A

Ca

Mg

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6
Q

Neuromuscular excitability

A

K
Ca
Mg

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7
Q

Anions (-) are _________ charge that migrates toward the _________

A

Negatively charge; Anode (+ electrical field)

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8
Q

Cations are __________ charge that migrates toward the __________

A

Positively charge; Cathode (- electrical field)

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9
Q

Based on the concentration of solutes

A

Osmolality

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10
Q

Colligative Properties of Osmolality

A

Boiling Point
Freezing Point
Osmotic Pressure
Vapor Pressure

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11
Q

Increase Osmolality: Increase ___________, _________

A

Increase Boiling point; Increase Osmotic Pressure

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12
Q

Increase Osmolality: Decrease __________, _________

A

Decrease Freezing Point; Decrease Vapor Pressure

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13
Q

A _________ increase in osmolality causes a ___________ increase of ADH

A

A 1-2% increase in osmolality causes a fourfold increase of ADH

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14
Q

A 1-2% decrease in osmolality, ________ the release of ADH

A

A 1-2% decrease in osmolality, inhibits/shuts down the release of ADH

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15
Q

Other name for ADH

A

AVP - Arginine Vasopressin Hormone

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16
Q

AVP increases the reabsorption of ________ that acts on the ___________ of the kidneys

A

AVP increases the reabsorption of water that acts on the collecting duct of the kidneys

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17
Q

Deficit in water will increase _____________

A

plasma osmolality

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18
Q

______is the major defense against Hyperosmolality and Hypernatremia

A

Thirst

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19
Q

Maintains Blood Pressure and Blood Volume

A

Na & H2O

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20
Q

A system that responds to primarily to a decreased blood volume or pressure

A

RAAS - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

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21
Q

Substance - Organ - Conversion/Effect

Renin: _______ = Angiotensinogen - Angiotensin I
_____: Lungs = ________________________
Aldosterone: _______ = Increase ____ reabsorption
____: Posterior Pituitary = Increase water reabsorption in Kidneys + ______ sensation

A

Renin: Kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells) = Angiotensinogen - Angiotensin I
ACE: Lungs = Angiotensin I - Angiotensin II
Aldosterone: Adrenal cortex = Increase K reabsorption
ADH: Posterior Pituitary = Increase water reabsorption in Kidneys + Thirst sensation

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22
Q

Major EXTRAcellular CATion (90%)

A

Na - Sodium

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23
Q

Major Function of Na

A

Osmolality

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24
Q

Osmolality Formula

A

2 (Sodium (mmol/L) + Glucose mg/dL/18 + BUN/2.8

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25
Q

This diuretic promote or induces sodium and potassium loss without interfering ADH

A

Thiazide

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26
Q

Countercurrent ion of K

A

Na - sodium

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27
Q

Counterion of Cl

A

Na - Sodium

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28
Q

Major hormone that regulate sodium retention and potassium excretion

A

Aldosterone

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29
Q

Promote Natriuresis

A

ANP - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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30
Q

Function of ANP

A

Inhibit RAAS
Promote Natriuresis
Anti Hypertensive agent

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31
Q

Critical values

Hypernatremia: __________
Hyponatremia: __________

A

Hypernatremia: >160 mmol/L
Hyponatremia: <120 mmol/L

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32
Q

Counterion of Na: _____
Countercurrent ion of Na: ____
Counterbalance of Na: ____

A

Counterion of Na: Cl
Countercurrent ion of Na: K
Counterbalance of Na: Cl

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33
Q

Most Routine Method of Electrolyte Measurement

A

Ion Selective Electrode

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34
Q

Membrane Electrode of Na

A

Glass Aluminum Silicate

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35
Q

FEP: Flame Color - Na+

A

Yellow

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36
Q

Colorimetric Method - Sodium

A

Albenese Lein

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37
Q

Cause of Hypernatremia

A 
Diabetes Insipidus
Diarrhea
Severe Burns
Excess water loss
Decrease water intake
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38
Q

Cause of Hyponatremia

A 
Diabetes Mellitus
SIADH
K deificiency
Addisons disease
Increased water intake
Vomiting
Diarrhea
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39
Q

Potassium is also know as __________

A

“Kalium”

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40
Q

Major INTRAcellular CATION

A

Potassium

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41
Q

Reabsorption of all K

A

PCT

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42
Q

Principal determinant of Potassium urinary excretion

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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43
Q

Part of the Nephron which secretion of K occurs regulated by aldosterone

A

DCT and CD

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44
Q

Hormone responsible for K excretion

A

Aldosterone

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45
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A 
GI Loss - Vomiting, Diarrhea, Malabsorption
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Alkalosis 
Insulin Overdose
Hyperaldestronism
Hypomagnesemia
Intestinal tumor
Diuretics
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46
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia

A 
Type I DM
Hypoaldosteronism - Addison's disease
Acidosis
Renal Insufficiency
Leukemia - Chemotherapy
Diuretics
Oral - IV Replacement
Hemolysis
Thrombosis
Prolonged Tourniquet application - Fist Clenching
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47
Q

FEP - Flame Color of Na

A

Violet

48
Q

ISE Membrane of Sodium

A

Valinomycin Gel

49
Q

Colorimetric Method of K

A

Lockhead and Purcell

50
Q

Threshold Value - Critical

Hyperkalemia: _________
Hypokalemia: _________

A

Hyperkalemia: 6.5 mml/L
Hypokalemia: 2.5 mmol/L

51
Q

Couterion of K:
Counter current ion of K:
Counter Balance of K:

A

Couterion of K: Phosphate
Counter current ion of K: Na
Counter Balance of K: Magnesium

52
Q

K Value: Less muscle Excitability

A

8.0 mmol/L

53
Q

K Value: Cardiac Arrest

A

10.0 mmol/L

54
Q

K Value: Arrythmias and Paralysis

A

3.0 - 3.4 mmol/L

55
Q

Major EXTRAcellular ANION

A

Chloride

56
Q

_____ is the only ANION to serve as Enzyme Activator

A

Chloride

57
Q

Chloride Shift

A

Exchange between Cl and HCO3- across the membrane of RBCs

58
Q

Counterion of Cl:
Countercurrent ion of Cl:
Counter pH balance of Chloride:

A

Counterion of Cl: Na
Countercurrent ion of Cl: Phosphate
Counter pH balance of Chloride: HCO3-

59
Q

Excessive sweating stimulates _____________ secretion to conserve Na and Cl in the sweat glands

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

Two ways how CL maintain Electroneutrality

  1. ____________
  2. ___________
A
  1. Reabsorption in PCT acting as a Rate liming factor of Na

2. Chloride Shift

61
Q

Causes of Hyperchloremia

A

Diabetes Insipidus
Metabolic Acidosis
RTA
Increase HCO3- loss

62
Q

Causes of Hypochloremia

A 
High Serum HCO3
Addison's disease
Prolonged Vomiting
Salt losing (Pyelonephritis)
Alkalosis
63
Q

Mercuric Titration is also known as ___________

A

Schales and Schales Method

64
Q

Indicator used in Schales and Schales Method

A

Diphenylcarbozene

65
Q

Schales and Schales Method End Color

A

Blue Violet

66
Q

Mercuric Titration - Schales & Schales Method

Indicator: ______________
End Color: _____________
End Product: ___________

A

Indicator: Diphenylcarbazone
End Color: Blue Violet
End Product: Mercuric Chloride

67
Q

Reagent used in Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chloride

A

Mercuric thiocyanate & Ferric Ion

68
Q

End Color - Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chloride

A

Red Color Complex

69
Q

Principle in Coulometric Amperometric Titration

A

Catlove Chloridometer

70
Q

ISE membrane of Chloride

A

Tri-n-acetylpropyl ammonium chloride decanol

71
Q

Essential in Myocardial Contraction

A

Ca

72
Q

Most predominant Ca Form

A

Ionized (active) Calcium

73
Q

Functions of Ca

A

Blood Coagulation
Cofactor
Myocardial Contraction

74
Q

Regulates Ca Levels

A

Vit. D3 - 1, 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

75
Q

Vitamin D3 increases __________ & ________ reabsorption of Calcium

A

Intestinal & Renal

76
Q

Calcium Metabolism and Activation

Skin: 7 dehydrocholeserol ——– _________ ——- Vit. D (cholecalciferol)
____: Vit. D ———— _____________
Kidney: 25, hydroxycholecalciferol ——– __________ ——— 1, 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol

A

Calcium Metabolism and Activation

Skin: 7 dehydrocholeserol ——– UV Light ——- Vit. D (cholecalciferol)
Liver: Vit. D ———— 25, hydroxycholecalciferol
Kidney: 25, hydroxycholecalciferol ——– 1a - hydroxylase ——— 1, 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol

77
Q

____ stimulates the release of 1a - hydroxylase to activate Vit. D3

A

PTH

78
Q

Target Organs of PTH

A

Bone - Inc. Bone resorption
Kidneys - Inc. Ca reabsorption and HPO4 excretion
Small Intestines - activation of 1a hydroxylase

79
Q

Hypercalcemic Agents

A

PTH

Vit. D3

80
Q

Hypocalcemic Agemt

A

Calcitonin

81
Q

Secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to lower calcium level

A

Calcitonin

82
Q

Function of Cacitonin

A

Inhibit:
PTH
Vit. D3
Bone resorption

83
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A 
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Increase Vitamin D
Multiple Myeloma
Malignancy - Cancer
Sarcoidism
84
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A 
Primary Hypoparathyroidism
Severe Hypomagnesemia
Vit. D Deficiency
Renal Disease
Alkalosis
85
Q

Reference Method: Ca Analysis

A

AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

86
Q

ISE Membrane - Calcium

A

Organic Liquid Membrane

87
Q

Precipitation & Redox Reaction
Method - End Product - End Color

Clark Colip: ____________ - ___________
Ferro Ham: ____________ - ___________

A

Clark Colip: Oxalic Acid - VIOLET

Ferro Ham: Chloranilic Acid - VIOLET

88
Q

Colorimetric Method of Calcium Analysis

A

Ortho-cresolphthalein Complexone

89
Q

Dye used in Ortho-cresolphthalein

A

Arsenzo III

90
Q

End color: Ortho-cresolphthalein (Colorimetry)

A

Red Complex

91
Q

FEP - Calcium

A

Orange

92
Q

Electrolyte that is is inversely related to Calcium

A

Phosphorus

93
Q

Only phosphorus that is MEASURED in the laboratory

A

Inorganic Phosphorus

94
Q

ONLY ELECTROLYTE THAT REQUIRE FASTING

A

Phosphorus

95
Q

Most common Method - Phosphorus

A

Fiske and Subbarow Method

96
Q

Most Common reducing agent

A

PICTOL

97
Q

End Product - Fiske Subbarow Method

A

Ammonium molybdate BLUE complex

98
Q

Fiske & Subbarow Method

Rgt: _______________
Reducing agent: ______________
End product: ______________

A

Fiske & Subbarow Method

Rgt: Ammonium Molybdate
Reducing agent: PICTOL
End product: Ammonium molybdate blue complex

99
Q

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia

A

Hypoparathyroidism
Increased Vit. D
Renal Failure
Lymphoblastic Leukemia

100
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A 
Hyperparathyroidism
Low Vit. D
Ketoacidosis
Alcohol abuse
Infusion of dextrose solution
Use of Antacids
101
Q

Effect of PTH to PO4-

A

Increase renal excretion of PO4

102
Q

Major regulating factor of PO4-

A

PTH

103
Q

4th most abundant cation; 2nd most abundant intracellular cation

A

Mg2+

104
Q

Major reabsorption site of Mg in kidneys

A

Ascending loop of Henle

105
Q

__________ increases the intestinal and renal reabsorption of Mg2+

A

PTH

106
Q

Increases Renal Excretion of Mg

A

Aldosterone and Thyroxine

107
Q

Colorimetric Method: Mg2+

Calmagite: ____________
Formazen dye: ___________
Methylthymol blue: ________

A

Colorimetric Method: Mg2+

Calmagite: Reddish-violet
Formazen dye: Dark Blue
Methylthymol blue: Blue

108
Q

Reference Method - Mg2+

A

AAS

109
Q

Cause of Hypermagnesemia

A

Hypoaldosteronism
Hypothyroidism
Hypopituitarism
Diabetes MellitusAcute/Chronic Renal Failure

110
Q

Cause of Hypomagnesemia

A 
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperparathyroidism
Malnutrition
Pancreatitis
Tetany
111
Q

Mg2+ value which life threatening values occur: ______ mmol/L

A

5 mmol/L

112
Q

The difference of unmeasured cation and unmeasured anion

A

Anion gap

113
Q

Anion gap is also a form of ____________ to the analyzer used to measure its analytes

A

Quality control

114
Q

Anion Gap

Total unmeasured Cations: _________________
Total unmeasured Anions: _________________

A

Anion Gap

Total unmeasured Cations: Na, K
Total unmeasured Anions: Cl, HCO3-

115
Q

Increased Anion Gap

Mnemonics: MUDPILES

A 
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Paracetamol
Isothiazine
Lactic Acid
Ethanol/Ethylene glycol
Salicylate/Sialic acid
116
Q

Anion Gap Formula

A 
AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3-)
AG = (Na + K) - (Cl = HCO3-)

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