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Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrates of ___________ and __________.

A

Aldehydes

Ketones

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2
Q

Major food source of the human body.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Major organ that controls CHO metabolism

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

________ and _______ are the major hormones that regulate CHO metabolism.

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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5
Q

Major organ consumer of CHO

A

Brain

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6
Q

____ of body’s glucose are consumed predominantly by the Brain

A

2/3

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7
Q

CHO are stored primarily as _______ and _______ glycogen.

A

Liver and Muscle

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8
Q

Simplest CHO

A

Glycol Aldehyde (2-hydroxyethanal)

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9
Q

Most common Monosaccharide

A

Glucose - Blood Sugar (Dextrose)

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10
Q

Only KETOSE group of monosaccharide sugars

A

Fructose - Fruit/Semen Sugar

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11
Q

Give their other names of Disaccharides:

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

A

Maltose - Beer Sugar
Sucrose - Table Sugar
Lactose - Milk Sugar

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12
Q

Give their components of Disaccharides:

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

A

Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose

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13
Q

Only non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

Most common polysaccharide

A

Starch (plants)

Glycogen (Animals)

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15
Q

CHO Digestion and Absorption

A

FOOD - MOUTH —–salivary amylase—– OLIGOSACCHARIDES —— STOMACH ——inactivates amylase —— SMALL INTESTINES —–pancreatic amylase —— DISACCHARIDES —– brush border enzymes (maltase) ——- MONOSACCHARIDE —– MICROVILLI —– SGLT 1/GLUT 5/GLUT 2 —– LIVER (hepatic vein) —– stores as glycogen/circulate in blood —– BLOOD —– ENERGY

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16
Q

Pancreas is Endocrine - secretes _________, _________, _________.
Pancreas is Exocrine - secretes __________.

A

Pancreas is Endocrine - secretes INSULIN, GLUCAGON, SOMATOSTATIN

Pancreas is Exocrine - secrets AMS

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17
Q

Hyperglycemic Pathways

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

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18
Q

Hypoglycemic Pathway

A

Insulin

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19
Q

Islets of Langerhans have ______ different type of cells.

A 
Four (4)
Beta-cells
Alpha-cells
Delta-cells
F-cells
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20
Q

Blood Glucose Pattern after a meal:

30 mins:
1 hr:
2 hrs:
4 hrs:

A

30 mins: fastest rise
1 hr: Peak
2 hrs: Normal
4 hrs: Reactive Hypoglycemia/Alimentary

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21
Q

Glucose normalizes within ______ hours after a meal

A

2-3 hrs

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22
Q

Whipple’s Triad

A
  1. Decreased blood glucose
  2. Observable Symptoms: Neurogenic and Neuroglycopenic
  3. Elevated symptoms after glucose administration.
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23
Q

Hypoglycemia can be classified as __________ and ____________.

A

Post-absorptive (fasting) Hypoglycemia

Post-prandial (reactive) Hypoglycemia

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24
Q

Hyperglycemia

Increase ________, _____, _____ in Urine
Electrolyte Imbalance: Low - ___, ____ ; High - _____

A

Hyperglycemic State

Increase Glucose, Ketones, SG in Urine
Electrolyte Imbalance: Low - Na, pH, HCO3 ; High - K

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25
Q

_________ known as deep respiration that occurs in normally sleeping or comatose px.

A

Kussmaul’s Respiration

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26
Q

______________ is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by HYPERglycemia resulting from the defects in insulin _______ and ______, or both.

A

DM is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by HYPERglycemia resulting from the defects in insulin SECRETION and ACTION, or both.

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27
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for DM:

FBS: > 126 mg/dL
RBS: > _______
2hr PP: > _______
Hba1c: > 6.5%

A

Diagnostic Criteria for DM:

FBS: > 126 mg/dL
RBS: > 200 mg/dL
2hr PP: > 200 mg/dL
Hba1c: > 6.5%

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28
Q

Type I DM vs. Type II DM

Pathogenesis:
Onset:
Symptoms:
Incidence:
Ketosis:
Autoantibodies:
C-peptide Test:
Dependence:
A

Type I

Pathogenesis: Autoimmune B-cell destruction
Onset: Juvenile
Symptoms: Abrupt
Incidence: 5-10% 
Ketosis: Ketosis prone (common)
Autoantibodies: Positive
C-peptide Test: Undetectable/Decrease
Dependence: Insulin Dependent

Type II

Pathogenesis: Insulin receptor resistance
Onset: Adult 
Symptoms: Gradual
Incidence: 90-95% (Most common)
Ketosis: Ketosis resistant (rare)
Autoantibodies: Negative
C-peptide Test: Detectable/Increase
Dependence: Insulin Independent
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29
Q

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a degree of glucose tolerance with onset of first recognition during ________.

30
Q

GDM maybe gone after delivery but may return after ____ years in some cases.

31
Q

According to AMA, all adults older than 45 y.o. should have measurement of FBS every __ years.

32
Q

PREFFERED test for diagnosing DM is _________.

33
Q

Renal Threshold

A

160-180 mg/dL

34
Q

CSF Glucose

35
Q

Blood should be separated within ___ mins - __ hour, due to _______ by blood cells.

A

30 mins - 1 hr
Loss of glucose

Rationale: This is to prevent loss of glucose by blood cells

36
Q

_______ is used as an anticoagulant and preservative for glucose id analysis is delayed.

A

Sodium Fluoride

Rationale: Fluoride is antiglycolytic

37
Q

Standard Specimen for Glucose Determination

A

Fasting venous plasma

38
Q

Fasting blood sugar should be ______, but not greater than ______

A

8-10 hrs, but not > than 16 hrs.

39
Q

At room temperature, glucose decreases at a rate of _______

40
Q

At ref (4C) glucose decreases approximately to ______

41
Q

Recall: 10% contamination with 5% dextrose will increase glucose by ________

42
Q

Whole blood is lower than ______ glucose level than serum or plasma

43
Q

_________ tests to differentiate Type I DM to Type II, evaluates for Hypoglycemia and this is a biproduct from pro-insulin to insulin.

A

C-peptide (Directly proportional to Insulin Lvl)

44
Q

C-peptide conversion factor

45
Q

C-peptide to Insulin Ratio

46
Q

Screening time for GDM

A

24th - 28th week of pregnancy

47
Q

Procedure in OGTT

  1. Collect _______
  2. Drink Glucose Load (____)
  3. Collect blood after ____, _____.
A

Procedure in OGTT

  1. Collect fasting blood (baseline)
  2. Drink Glucose Load (75g)
  3. Collect blood after 1 hr, 2 hrs.
48
Q

Glucose load by WHO standard

Adults
Kids
Obese

A

Adult: 75g
Kids: 1.75g/kg
Obese: 100g

49
Q

Guideline for OGTT

  1. Should consume normal to high CHO intake (________) for __ days.
  2. Fasting: _____
  3. Should be tested in the ______ due to diurnal variation.
  4. Patient should be ______.
  5. Test is terminated if FBS is _______.
  6. Glucose load for adults is ____ and should drink within __ minutes.
A
  1. Should consume normal to high CHO intake (150g/day) for 3 days.
  2. Fasting: 8-10 hrs
  3. Should be tested in the MORNING due to diurnal variation.
  4. Patient should be AMBULATORY.
  5. Test is terminated if FBS is >140 mg/dl.
  6. Glucose load for adults is 75g and should drink within 5 minutes.
50
Q

Recalls (Sept, 19).
BMI

Obese:
Overweight:

A

Recalls (Sept, 19)
BMI

Obese: >30
Overweight: 25-29.9

51
Q

Arterial/Capillary whole blood is higher in venous blood approximately _____.

52
Q

Equilibrium for Plasma and CSF Glucose

53
Q

For every 100 mg/dl rise of Serum glucose, sodium decreases by _______.

A

1.6 mmol/L

54
Q

For every 1% change in HbA1c, there is an increase of _____ in plasma glucose.

55
Q

Time intake for GTT

OGTT - ______
IVGTT - ______

A

OGTT - 5 mins

IVGTT - 3 mins

56
Q

Average fasting for plasma glucose

57
Q

_____ is requested during emergency, insulin shock, hyperglycemic ketonic coma

58
Q

Measure overall glucose hemostasis

59
Q

Determine ho well the body metabolizes glucose

60
Q

HbA1c vs. Fructosamine Test

Other Names:
Monitoring:
Reflects:
Tested every:
Specimen:
A

HbA1c

Other Names: Glycated Hb
Monitoring: Long Term
Reflects: 2-4 months previously
Tested every: 3-6 MONTHS
Specimen: EDTA Whole Blood

Fructosamine

Other Names: Glycated albumin
Monitoring: Short Term
Reflects: 
Tested every: 3-6 WEEKS
Specimen: Serum
61
Q

________ utilizes reducing property of glucose in a HOT ALKALINE SOLN.

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction

62
Q

______ and _____ that contain alkaline of cupric ions stabilized by Citrate and Tartrate.

A

Benedict’s (Citrate) and Fehling’s (Tartrate)

63
Q

_________ uses INVERSE colorimetry which reduces YELLOW to COLORLESS ferricyanide by glucose.

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction - Hagedorn Jensen

64
Q

Glucose Oxidase only measure ________ specifically

A

B- D glucose

65
Q

_______ used to facilitate conversion of a- D glucose to b- D glucose

A

Mutaratose

66
Q

Reference Method in Glucose

A

Hexokinase Method

67
Q

Most specific reagent in Hexokinase Method

68
Q

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

Type 1: Monitored ____/day
Type 2: ________

A

Type 1: Monitored 3-4x/day

Type 2: Frequency is unknown

69
Q

GSD: Viagra Pills Causes A Muscle Hardening Tight when Fucked!

Type 1 a - Von Gierki; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 2 - Pompei; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 3a - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 4 - \_\_\_\_\_\_; Brancher
Type 5 - Mcardle; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 6 - \_\_\_\_\_\_ Disease; \_\_\_\_\_ Phosphorylase
Type 7 - Tarui; \_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 11 - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
Type 1 a - Von Gierki; G-6 Phosphate
Type 2 - Pompei; 1,4 Glucosidase
Type 3a - Cori Forbes; De Brancher
Type 4 - Andersen; Brancher
Type 5 - Mcardle; Muscle Phosphorylase
Type 6 - Hers Disease; Liver Phosphorylase
Type 7 - Tarui; Phosphofructokinase
Type 11 - Fanconi Bickel; Glucose transporter
70
Q

GSD that affects;

Muscle - __, __
Liver - __, __, __, __, __, __

A

Muscle: 5 & 7
Liver: 0. 1, 3, 4, 6, 9

71
Q

GSD that both affects the Muscle and Liver

A

Type 3a

Type 9b

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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