Carbohydrates Flashcards
Carbohydrates are hydrates of ___________ and __________.
Aldehydes
Ketones
Major food source of the human body.
Carbohydrates
Major organ that controls CHO metabolism
Pancreas
________ and _______ are the major hormones that regulate CHO metabolism.
Insulin
Glucagon
Major organ consumer of CHO
Brain
____ of body’s glucose are consumed predominantly by the Brain
2/3
CHO are stored primarily as _______ and _______ glycogen.
Liver and Muscle
Simplest CHO
Glycol Aldehyde (2-hydroxyethanal)
Most common Monosaccharide
Glucose - Blood Sugar (Dextrose)
Only KETOSE group of monosaccharide sugars
Fructose - Fruit/Semen Sugar
Give their other names of Disaccharides:
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose - Beer Sugar
Sucrose - Table Sugar
Lactose - Milk Sugar
Give their components of Disaccharides:
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
Only non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
Most common polysaccharide
Starch (plants)
Glycogen (Animals)
CHO Digestion and Absorption
FOOD - MOUTH —–salivary amylase—– OLIGOSACCHARIDES —— STOMACH ——inactivates amylase —— SMALL INTESTINES —–pancreatic amylase —— DISACCHARIDES —– brush border enzymes (maltase) ——- MONOSACCHARIDE —– MICROVILLI —– SGLT 1/GLUT 5/GLUT 2 —– LIVER (hepatic vein) —– stores as glycogen/circulate in blood —– BLOOD —– ENERGY
Pancreas is Endocrine - secretes _________, _________, _________.
Pancreas is Exocrine - secretes __________.
Pancreas is Endocrine - secretes INSULIN, GLUCAGON, SOMATOSTATIN
Pancreas is Exocrine - secrets AMS
Hyperglycemic Pathways
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Hypoglycemic Pathway
Insulin
Islets of Langerhans have ______ different type of cells.
Four (4) Beta-cells Alpha-cells Delta-cells F-cells
Blood Glucose Pattern after a meal:
30 mins:
1 hr:
2 hrs:
4 hrs:
30 mins: fastest rise
1 hr: Peak
2 hrs: Normal
4 hrs: Reactive Hypoglycemia/Alimentary
Glucose normalizes within ______ hours after a meal
2-3 hrs
Whipple’s Triad
- Decreased blood glucose
- Observable Symptoms: Neurogenic and Neuroglycopenic
- Elevated symptoms after glucose administration.
Hypoglycemia can be classified as __________ and ____________.
Post-absorptive (fasting) Hypoglycemia
Post-prandial (reactive) Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Increase ________, _____, _____ in Urine
Electrolyte Imbalance: Low - ___, ____ ; High - _____
Hyperglycemic State
Increase Glucose, Ketones, SG in Urine
Electrolyte Imbalance: Low - Na, pH, HCO3 ; High - K
_________ known as deep respiration that occurs in normally sleeping or comatose px.
Kussmaul’s Respiration
______________ is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by HYPERglycemia resulting from the defects in insulin _______ and ______, or both.
DM is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by HYPERglycemia resulting from the defects in insulin SECRETION and ACTION, or both.
Diagnostic Criteria for DM:
FBS: > 126 mg/dL
RBS: > _______
2hr PP: > _______
Hba1c: > 6.5%
Diagnostic Criteria for DM:
FBS: > 126 mg/dL
RBS: > 200 mg/dL
2hr PP: > 200 mg/dL
Hba1c: > 6.5%
Type I DM vs. Type II DM
Pathogenesis: Onset: Symptoms: Incidence: Ketosis: Autoantibodies: C-peptide Test: Dependence:
Type I
Pathogenesis: Autoimmune B-cell destruction Onset: Juvenile Symptoms: Abrupt Incidence: 5-10% Ketosis: Ketosis prone (common) Autoantibodies: Positive C-peptide Test: Undetectable/Decrease Dependence: Insulin Dependent
Type II
Pathogenesis: Insulin receptor resistance Onset: Adult Symptoms: Gradual Incidence: 90-95% (Most common) Ketosis: Ketosis resistant (rare) Autoantibodies: Negative C-peptide Test: Detectable/Increase Dependence: Insulin Independent