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Clinical Chemistry > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

General properties of Enzymes

_________: Water Free
Allosteric site: __________

A

Active Site: Water Free

Allosteric site: Cavity other than active site

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2
Q

Has the same catalytic reaction but have different molecular structure

A

Isoenzyme

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3
Q

Cofactor is a _________ molecule

A

Non-protein molecule

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4
Q

3 Types of Cofactors

A

Coenzyme
Activator
Metalloenzyme

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5
Q

Coenzyme: __________
Activator: _________
Metalloenzyme: __________

A

COenzyme: Organic Molecule/compound Cofactors
ActIvator: Inorganic ions Cofactors
Metalloenzyme: Inorganic Cofactors

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6
Q

The coenzyme is called ____________ when its tightly bound to the enzyme.

A

Prosthetic group

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7
Q

Inactive form of enzymes

A

Zymogens

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8
Q

Enzyme portion

A

Apoenzyme

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9
Q

Apoenzyme + Coenzyme = ___________

A

Holoenzyme

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10
Q

Functions of Enzyme Classification

Oxidoreductases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Transferases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hydrolases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lyase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Isomerases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ligase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Oxidoreductases: removal or addition of electrons (REDOX)
Transferases: Transfer of chemical grp (except H) from substrate to substrate
Hydrolases: Splitting of bond by addition of water
Lyase: Removal of chemical grp w/o hydrolysis
Isomerases: change arrangement of substrate compound
Ligase: Synthesis or Joining of two substrate

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11
Q

Theory which the shape of the enzyme (lock) must fit with the substrate (key)

A

Lock and Key Theory (Emil Fischer)

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12
Q

Temperature at which Enzymes are ACTIVE

A

25C, 30C, 37C

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13
Q

Optimum temperature for Enzyme Activity

A

37C

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14
Q

Temperature at which enzyme starts to denaturate

A

40C - 50C

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15
Q

Temperature at which enzyme is INACTIVATED

A

60C - 65C

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16
Q

Function of Creatinine Kinase

A

Transfer of phosphate group between Creatine phosphate and ADP

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17
Q

_____________ is a sensitive indicator for AMI and Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne disorder).

A

Creatinine Kinase

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18
Q

CK’s highest level is seen in __________________

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (50-100x)

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19
Q

Different Isoenzymes of CK

A

CK 1 - CK BB
CK 2 - CK MB
CK 3 - CK MM

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20
Q

Electrophoretic Pattern of CK

A

CK BB > CK MB > CK MM

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21
Q

Predominant CK function

A

Muscle Cells

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22
Q

Brain Type - CK

A

CK BB

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23
Q

Muscle Type - CK

A

CK MM

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24
Q

Hybrid Type - CK

A

CK MB

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25
Q

CKs major isoenzyme fraction found in striated muscle and serum

A

CK MM

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26
Q

Demonstration of elevated levels of CK MB, greater than or equal to _____ of the total CK, is considered to be the most specific indicator of _________________.

A

Specific indicator of AMI - =/> than 6%

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27
Q

Forward Reaction in CK Determination

A

Tanzer-Gilbarg Assay

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28
Q

Reverse Reaction in CK Determination

A

Oliver-Rosalky Assay

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29
Q

Most commonly used in CK Determination

A

Oliver-Rosalky Assay

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30
Q

It partially restore lost activity of CK

A

Cleland’s reagent and Glutathione

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31
Q

Added in Reverse reaction (Oliver-Rosalky) that inhibits adenylate Kinase

A

Adenosine monophosphate

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32
Q

______________ is released after red cell lysis and reacts with ADP to produce ATP

A

Adenylate Kinase

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33
Q

Contains no CK

A

Liver Cells

RBCs

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34
Q

Catalyzes the interconversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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35
Q

Highest level of LDH is seen in __________________ & __________, increased from 10-50x

A

Pernicious Anemia

Hemolytic Disorders

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36
Q

LDH is tenfold increase in _____________ & ___________

A

Hepatic Carcinoma

Toxic Hepatitis

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37
Q

LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition

LDH 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_
LDH 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_
LDH 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_
LDH 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_
LDH 5: \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition

LDH 1: HHHH
LDH 2: HHHM
LDH 3: HHMM
LDH 4: HMMM
LDH 5: MMMM
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38
Q

Most abundant and Major Isoenzyme of LDH

A

LDH 2

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39
Q

LDH isoenzyme that is relatively abundant in cardiac muscles

A

LDH 1

40
Q

LDH isoenzyme that is more abundant in skeletal muscle

A

LDH 5

41
Q

Tissue Sources

LDH 1 &2: _________, _________, _________
LDH 3: _________, _________, _________
LDH 4 & 5: _________, _________, _________

A

LDH 1 &2: Heart, RBC, Kidney
LDH 3: Lungs, Pancreas, Lymphocytes, Spleen
LDH 4 & 5: Skeletal muscle, Liver, Intestines

42
Q

Flipped Pattern: ____________ is associated to - AMI and Hemolytic Anemia

A

LDH 1 > LDH 2

43
Q

Electrophoretic pattern of LDH isoenzyme

SLOWEST ——— FASTEST

A

LDH 5 > LDH 4 > LDH 3 > LDH 2 > LDH 1

44
Q

LDH isoenzyme concentration in Normal Serum

A

LDH 2 > LDH 1 > LDH 3 > LDH 4 > LDH 5

45
Q

Forward Reaction: LDH Determination

A

Walker Method

46
Q

Reverse Reaction: LDH Determination

A

Wrobleuski La due Method

47
Q

Preferred Method in LDH Determination

A

Wrobleuski La due Method

48
Q

A substrate added to lactate which have greater affinity to H subunits

A

a-hysroxybutyrate

49
Q

AST is also known as ______________

A

SGOT

50
Q

AST - Major isoenzymes

A

Cytoplasmic

Mitochondrial

51
Q

AST - Major Tissue Sources

A

HEARTmore cardiac specific
Liver
Skeletal muscle

52
Q

AST - Clinical Significance

A

AMI
Hepatocellular disorders
Skeletal muscle involvement - Reyes Syndrome

53
Q

AST starts to rise in AMI within _________ hrs

A

6-8 hrs

54
Q

Peak of AST levels in AMI

A

24 hrs

55
Q

Method used in AST determination

A

Karmen Method & Frankel

56
Q

Karmen method uses __________________ as an indicator reaction to monitor change in absorbance at 340 nm

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

57
Q

ALT is also known as ______

A

SGPT

58
Q

Major Tissue Source of ALT

A

LIVER

59
Q

More Liver specific than AST

A

ALT

60
Q

Highest elevation of ALT is found in __________

A

Acute Liver Hepatitis

61
Q

Method used in ALTDetermination

A

Rietman & Frankel

62
Q

____________ ratio between AST and ALT which is useful in determining the cause of Liver disease

A

De Ritis Ratio

63
Q

ALP Isoenzymes

A

Intestinal ALP
Placental ALP
Liver ALP
Bone ALP

64
Q

Most predominamt fractions of ALP

A

Liver and Bone

65
Q

Carcinoplacental ALP

A

Regan
Nagao
Kasahara

66
Q

Electrophoretic pattern of ALP isoenzymes

cathode —– anode

A

Intestinal > Placental > Bone > Liver

67
Q

Most Heat Stable NORMAL ALP Isoenzyme

A

Placenta

68
Q

Heat stability of ALP Isoenzyme

A

Placenta > Intestinal > Liver > Bone

69
Q

Most Heat stable ALP isoenzyme among all

A

Regan ALP

70
Q

Chemical Inhibited by Phenylalanine

A

Regan
Intestinal
Placental

71
Q

Chemically Inhibited by 3M Urea

A

Bone

72
Q

Chemically inhibited by Levamisole

A

Liver

Bone

73
Q

Highest Elevation of ALP seen in Bone Disorders

A

Paget’s Disease (Osteitis deformans)

74
Q

Increased ALP can be seen in:

A

Osteoblastic acitivity
Kids Growth
Adults > 50 y.o.
Pregnancy (16-20 weeks)

75
Q

Reference method for ALP Determination

A

Bowers and McComb

76
Q

Substrate used in Bessy Lowry and Brock & Bowers and McComb

A

p-nirophenyl phoshatase

77
Q

Enzyme used for rape cases

A

ACP

78
Q

Major source of ACP

A

Prostate

79
Q

ACP is most significant in ______________

A

Prostatic Carcinoma

80
Q

ACP is also increased in:

  1. ________________
  2. ________________
A

Gaucher Disease

Nieman’s Pick Disease

81
Q

Electrophoretic Separation of ACP source which remains in tge ORIGIN

A

Erythrocytic (RBC)

82
Q

Electrophoretic separation of ACP sources that have greter MOBILITY

A

Prostatic

83
Q

Prostate ACP is inhibited by ___________

A

L-tartrate

84
Q

Inhibited by 2% formaldehyde and Cupric Sulfate solution

A

Erythrocytic

85
Q

Specific substrate for ALP

A

p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pnp)

86
Q

Specific substrate for ACP

A

Thymolphthalein monophosphate

87
Q

Substrate used in ACP for continuous monitoring

A

a-naphthol phosphate

88
Q

Isoenzymes of AMYLASE

A

Salivary - Ptyalin

Pancreatic - Amylopectin

89
Q

Used for EARLY DETECTION of PANCREATITIS (Acute) or a screening test for Acute Pancreatitis

A

Amylase

90
Q

Most specific for Pancreatitis

A

Lipase

91
Q

Referemce Method for Lipase Determination

A

Cherry Crandal

92
Q

Substrate used in Lipase Determination

A

Olive Oil

93
Q

NBS marker

A

G6PD

94
Q

GGT is sensitive marker for ________________ and _____________

A

Occult Alcoholism

Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis

95
Q

Biliary Obstruction

A

Increase - ALP, GGT

96
Q

Pseudocholinesterase is a marker for _______________

A

Insectecide/Pesticide Poisoning

97
Q

Marker for Wilson’s Disease

A

Ceruloplasmin

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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