Enzymes Flashcards
General properties of Enzymes
_________: Water Free
Allosteric site: __________
Active Site: Water Free
Allosteric site: Cavity other than active site
Has the same catalytic reaction but have different molecular structure
Isoenzyme
Cofactor is a _________ molecule
Non-protein molecule
3 Types of Cofactors
Coenzyme
Activator
Metalloenzyme
Coenzyme: __________
Activator: _________
Metalloenzyme: __________
COenzyme: Organic Molecule/compound Cofactors
ActIvator: Inorganic ions Cofactors
Metalloenzyme: Inorganic Cofactors
The coenzyme is called ____________ when its tightly bound to the enzyme.
Prosthetic group
Inactive form of enzymes
Zymogens
Enzyme portion
Apoenzyme
Apoenzyme + Coenzyme = ___________
Holoenzyme
Functions of Enzyme Classification
Oxidoreductases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Transferases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Hydrolases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Lyase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Isomerases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ligase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Oxidoreductases: removal or addition of electrons (REDOX)
Transferases: Transfer of chemical grp (except H) from substrate to substrate
Hydrolases: Splitting of bond by addition of water
Lyase: Removal of chemical grp w/o hydrolysis
Isomerases: change arrangement of substrate compound
Ligase: Synthesis or Joining of two substrate
Theory which the shape of the enzyme (lock) must fit with the substrate (key)
Lock and Key Theory (Emil Fischer)
Temperature at which Enzymes are ACTIVE
25C, 30C, 37C
Optimum temperature for Enzyme Activity
37C
Temperature at which enzyme starts to denaturate
40C - 50C
Temperature at which enzyme is INACTIVATED
60C - 65C
Function of Creatinine Kinase
Transfer of phosphate group between Creatine phosphate and ADP
_____________ is a sensitive indicator for AMI and Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne disorder).
Creatinine Kinase
CK’s highest level is seen in __________________
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (50-100x)
Different Isoenzymes of CK
CK 1 - CK BB
CK 2 - CK MB
CK 3 - CK MM
Electrophoretic Pattern of CK
CK BB > CK MB > CK MM
Predominant CK function
Muscle Cells
Brain Type - CK
CK BB
Muscle Type - CK
CK MM
Hybrid Type - CK
CK MB
CKs major isoenzyme fraction found in striated muscle and serum
CK MM
Demonstration of elevated levels of CK MB, greater than or equal to _____ of the total CK, is considered to be the most specific indicator of _________________.
Specific indicator of AMI - =/> than 6%
Forward Reaction in CK Determination
Tanzer-Gilbarg Assay
Reverse Reaction in CK Determination
Oliver-Rosalky Assay
Most commonly used in CK Determination
Oliver-Rosalky Assay
It partially restore lost activity of CK
Cleland’s reagent and Glutathione
Added in Reverse reaction (Oliver-Rosalky) that inhibits adenylate Kinase
Adenosine monophosphate
______________ is released after red cell lysis and reacts with ADP to produce ATP
Adenylate Kinase
Contains no CK
Liver Cells
RBCs
Catalyzes the interconversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase
Highest level of LDH is seen in __________________ & __________, increased from 10-50x
Pernicious Anemia
Hemolytic Disorders
LDH is tenfold increase in _____________ & ___________
Hepatic Carcinoma
Toxic Hepatitis
LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition
LDH 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ LDH 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_ LDH 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_ LDH 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_ LDH 5: \_\_\_\_\_\_
LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition
LDH 1: HHHH LDH 2: HHHM LDH 3: HHMM LDH 4: HMMM LDH 5: MMMM
Most abundant and Major Isoenzyme of LDH
LDH 2