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Honors Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription?

A

the copying of DNA into mRNA

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur and why?

A

in the nucleus….because DNA can’t leave the nucleus

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3
Q

The central dogma theory of molecular biology states that genetic information flows in which direction?

A

from DNA to RNA to proteins

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4
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

ribosome

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5
Q

What is translation?

A

the decoding of mRNA instructions into a protein

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6
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

ribosome

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7
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?,

A

single stranded v. double stranded, sugar ribose v. sugar deoxyribose, base uracil v. base thymine, mobile v. immobile, 1 type v. 3 types

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8
Q

How are RNA and DNA similar?

A

both nucleic acids, both needed for production of proteins

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9
Q

Where do the instructions to make proteins come from?

A

the DNA molecule?

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10
Q

Which DNA strand is used as a template to produce the mRNA strand?

A

the coding strand

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11
Q

Where on the DNA does transcription begin?

A

the promotor region

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12
Q

Where on the DNA does transcription end?

A

the terminator region

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription? What happens in each?

A

initiation (RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region on coding strand), elongation (mRNA gets longer as RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides), termination (RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region and everything detaches including newly made mRNA strand)

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14
Q

How do you prevent an attack by viruses/bacteria on the newly formed mRNA strand? (modifications)

A

By RNA processing: adding an mG cap to the 5’ end and a poly A tail to the 3’ end

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15
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

the removing of introns and joining together of exons

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16
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding regions on the mRNA

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17
Q

What are exons?

A

coding regions on the mRNA

18
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

19
Q

What type of bond holds amino acids together?

A

peptide bond

20
Q

How many A.A. are there in life?

A

20

21
Q

The two binding sites on the tRNA are?

A

the anticodon site and the amino acid site

22
Q

What is the function of the tRNA molecule?

A

to transfer the A.A. to its complementary codon at the ribosome

23
Q

What are the three binding sites on the ribosome?

A

E (exit), P, A

24
Q

What are the 3 steps of translation?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

25
Q

What happens during initiation of translation?

A

small ribosome binds to mRNA, first tRNA carrying MET binds to the start codon on mRNA AUG, large ribosome then attaches

26
Q

What are the 3 steps of elongation in translation?

A

codon recognition, peptide bond forms, translocation

27
Q

What happens during codon recognition?

A

the codon in the A site is recognized and the tRNA with the complementary anticodon binds to it, bringing the appropriate A.A.

28
Q

What happens during peptide bond formation?

A

A peptide bond forms between the A.A. in the P site and the A.A. in the A site.

29
Q

What happens during translocation?

A

The mRNA slides moving the tRNA that was in the P site to the E site (to exit), and the tRNA that was in the A site to the P site. This opens up the A site for a new codon to be recognized.

30
Q

What happens during termination of translation?

A

A stop codon is recognized and a release factor docks in the A site, causing everything to disassemble. A.A. chain is now complete.

31
Q

What is the first site on the ribosome to be occupied?

A

P site

32
Q

What is the start codon? Start A.A.?

A

AUG and Met

33
Q

What do genes on your DNA code for?

A

proteins

34
Q

What codes for the A.A.?

A

the codon on the mRNA

35
Q

If the anticodon is AUU, what is the codon?

A

UAA

36
Q

If the DNA code is ATT what is the codon?

A

UAA

37
Q

If the codon is CGU, what DNA did it come from?

A

GCA

38
Q

If the anticodon is GCA, what DNA did it come from?

A

GCA

39
Q

What is happening in the P site?

A

the growing A.A. chain is being held

40
Q

What is the function of the mRNA?

A

to carry the instructions on how to make proteins out to the ribosome

Honors Biology (14 decks)

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