Mutation Flashcards
which type of mutation results in abnormal amino acid sequence ?
base substitution or frameshift
what type of mutation is responsible for new variations (alleles) of a trait?
a frame shift or substitution
which type of mutations stops the translation of the mRNA?
nonsense
which mutation has no effect on a mutation?
silent
what are mutations?
change in the sequence of DNA
what can mutations do ?
- affect how we look, behave and our physiology (how body works)
- can involve chunks of a chromosome or single nucleotides
describe mutations
random and can be beneficial, harmful, neutral
what is the cause of mutations ?
DNA fails to copy itself accurately
what are mutagens?
physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
what are physical agents?
high energy radiation (x - Ray and UV light)
what are chemical agents?
chemicals such as formaldehyde (construction material) and BPA (hard plastics, food cans, etc.)
what are base substitutions?
exchanges one base for another
what are the types of mutations ?
missense, silent, nonsense
describe the change of a mutation .
change could be insignificant or crucial to life of organism
what is a missense mutation?
encodes a different amino acid causing small change in protein produce (sickle cell anemia)
what is a silent mutation ?
encodes the same amino acid causing no change
what is a nonsense mutation ?
changes an A.A. coding codon to a single “stop” codon and cause an incomplete protein
what is a frameshift?
insertion or deletion can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly read
what is an insertion?
extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA
what is a deletion
section of DNA is lost, or deleted
what are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
what is nondisjunction?
failure of chromosome pairs to separate correctly during meiosis
what is sickle cell anemia?
a genetic disease
what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
pain and anemia (low iron in blood)
what is the cause of sickle cell anemia?
mutated version of the gene that helps make hemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells)
which levels does sickle cell effect?
DNA, Protein, Cellular and Organism Level
what are the positive effects to sickle cell?
carriers are resistant to malaria and parasites are killed inside
