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Biology IB > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the essential idea of translation and transcription?

A

Translation + transcription -> physical traits

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2
Q

Define genes in RNA translation

A

Instructions on the synthesis of proteins

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3
Q

Give the purpose of ribosomes

A

codon/gene sequences -> polypeptides

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4
Q

Central Dogma of Genetics Locations

A

Nucleus (DNA) - transcription -> mRNA - translation -> polypeptides

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5
Q

How does the genetic sequences affect the protein synthesis

A

Determines which amino acid to use

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6
Q

Purpose of mRNA

A
  • a transcript copy of DNA
  • to determine the types of a.a.
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7
Q

Define the purpose of tRNA

A

Clover-leaf shaped sequence that carries an a.a.

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8
Q

Define the purpose of rRNA

A
  • primary component of ribosomes
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9
Q

What enzyme does DNA transcription use

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

Outline the steps of transcription

A

1.) RNA polymerase binds to promoter of DNA @ the start of a gene
2.) Separation of DNA strands (not fully unwound), copy from anti-sense DNA.
3.) RNA polymerase reaches terminator site
4.) mRNA -> cytoplasm for translation

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11
Q

Define anti-sense DNA

A
  • The template DNA strand for DNA transcription
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12
Q

Define promoter

A
  • The part of DNA where transcription starts
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13
Q

How does RNA polymerase create the RNA strand

A
  • ribonulceic triphosphate (rNTP)/free nucleotides binds to the complementary partner in anti-sense
  • A-U: RNA
  • energy from phosphate used for binding
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14
Q

Describe the time when RNA polym/ reaches the terminator site

A
  • RNA polym. detaches from DNA
  • double helix reforms
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15
Q

Explain transcription [7]

A
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16
Q

Explain how polypeptides are produced by the process of translation [8]

A
  • mRNA translated;
  • mRNA binds with small subunit of ribosome;
  • ## Aminoacyl enzymes tRNA synthetases attach specific amino acid to tRNA;
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17
Q

What is each ribosome subunit composed of?

A

rRNA molecules and proteins

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18
Q

Which ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA?

A

The small subunit

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19
Q

Whats does the large ribosomal unit do?

A

has binding sites for tRNAS and also catalyzes peptide bonds between amino acids

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20
Q

Define transcription

A

synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase

21
Q

How are the amino acid sequences of polypeptides is determined?

A

by mRNA according to genetic sequences

22
Q

What are the factors of gene expression? / What will make certain genes necessary to be expressed?

A
  • cell specialization
  • environment
23
Q

Why does the length of mRNA molecules vary?

A

(guessing) Because of the gene expression
- not all genes are transcribed and translated

24
Q

What does a cell need to do in order to produce a lot of a certain protein?

A

Make more copies of mRNA

25
Q

What makes DNA stable?

A
  • The DNA polymerase’s ability to proofread
  • hydrogen and phosphodiester bonds
26
Q

Why should transcription and translation happen?

A

To produce proteins for:
- bilogical processes
- enzymes
- structural
- storage of energy
- transport proteins
- hormones
- immunoglobulin

27
Q

Define origin

A

The starting point of DNA replication

28
Q

Describe intron splicing

A
  • Within eukaryotic genes are non-coding sequences called introns, which must be removed (via splicing) prior to forming mature mRNA
  • The coding regions are called exons and these are fused together when introns are removed to form a continuous sequence
  • In other words, introns are intruding sequences whereas exons are expressing sequences
29
Q

Define premature mRNA

A

mRNA with introns

30
Q

Define introns

A

Genes that do not code proteins

31
Q

Define exons

A

Genes that code proteins

32
Q

Describe the process of intron splicing

A
  • Spliciosomes
  • 5’ of mRNA capped
  • 3’ end of mRNA w/ poly-A tail
33
Q

At what point we can say that mRNA has matured

A
  • after intron splicing
34
Q

Describe the process of DNA transcription

A
35
Q

What is the start codon in translation?

A

AUG

36
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

1.) Small unit ribosome binds to AUG (start protein)
2.) tRNA complementary base pairing to codons via anti-codons and carries a.a.
3.)
4.) Large ribosomal subunit attaches and makes translation complex
5.) Corresponding tRNA binds to anti-codons to codons (A -> P -> E)
- A: anti-codon attached to condon
- P: A.a. attaches
- E: uncharged tRNA exits
-> tRNA of AUG at P

37
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

1.) Small unit ribosome binds to AUG (start protein)
2.) tRNA complementary base pairing to codons via anti-codons and carries a.a.
3.)
4.) Large ribosomal subunit attaches and makes translation complex
5.) Corresponding tRNA binds to anti-codons to codons (A -> P -> E)
- A: anti-codon attached to condon
- P: A.a. attaches
- E: uncharged tRNA exits
6.) @ STOP codon, A release factor binds to the A binding site.

38
Q

How ling does RNA translation go?

A

Until it reaches the stop codon

39
Q

What are the possible STOP codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

40
Q

Define anti-codon

A

nitrogenous bases in tRNA that binds to complementary codon

41
Q

What do ribosomes do during translation

A
  • binding site for mRNA and tRNA
  • ctalyze the peptide bonds of the polypeptide
42
Q

Describe the translation complex

A
43
Q

Outline translation

A
  • mRNA binds to the small ribosome
  • mRNA has codons
  • tRNA has anti-codons, comp base pairing to codons
  • tRNA molecules bond to a specific amino acid according to the codon
  • large subunit binds to small subunit — 3 binding sites but 2 tRNA at a time
  • Ribosome moves along mRNA 5’ to 3’ until a stop codon
  • anti-codons and codons actually bind (b4 was just an explanation)
  • peptide bond formed between 2 a.a.
    -tRNA at third binding site (E) and detaches
  • another tRNA to first site (A)
  • until STOP codon
44
Q

Which genetic process/central dogma process affects gene expression? [1]

A

Transcription

45
Q

Define gene (bioninja)

A

egment of double-stranded DNA that codes for an RNA sequence is called a gene

46
Q

Describe capping

A
  • a methyl group to the 5’-end of the transcribed RNA
  • The methylated cap provides protection against degradation by exonucleases and also allows the transcript to be recognised by the cell’s translational machinery (nuclear export proteins and ribosome)
  • LIKE AN OFFICE ID
47
Q

Describe polyadenylation

A
  • Polyadenylation describes the addition of a long chain of adenine nucleotides (a poly-A tail) to the 3’-end of the transcript
  • The poly-A tail improves the stability of the RNA transcript and facilitates its export from the nucleus
48
Q

Point mutation

A

The mutation/change in a single nitro base in DNA
ACG -> ATG

49
Q

Define telomerase [FIND MARKSCHEME]

A

An enzyme in transcription that caps and adds adenine nucleotides to the mRNA

Biology IB (27 decks)

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