Class notes (Unit 2)

Question 1

Describe Robert Hooke’s contributions

Answer 1

First to observe cells
- “cells” (etymology): came from Latin, came from cella meaning storeroom or chamber

Question 2

Anton van Leewenhoek

Answer 2

Discovered unicellular organisms

Question 3

Zacharaias Janen

Answer 3

invents the compound microscope

Question 4

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 4

• Helped discover the Cell theory because he found that cells were made of cells.

Question 5

Theodore Schwann

Answer 5

Found out that animal cells were made of cells

Question 6

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 6

Proposed all cell came from pre-existing cells
- observation-wise: by Robert Lemak
- first-to-publish-wise: Robert Virchow

Question 7

Ernsr Abbe and Carl Zeiss

Answer 7

invent the modern compound microscope

Question 8

Why are electron microscopes more powerful than compound light microscopes

Answer 8

It is because electron beams are stronger than light

Question 9

What are the two types of electron microscope?

Answer 9

1.) Scanning Electron Microscope
- Could see the 3d of the specimen,

2.) Transmission Electron Microscope
- can see parts of organelles

Question 10

What is immunofluorescence?

Answer 10

• technique for determining the location of an antigen (or antibody) in tissues by reaction with an antibody (or antigen) labeled with a fluorescent dye.

Question 11

Explain freeze-fracture

Answer 11

When they make a specimen freeze and beak it in order to see the internal structure of something
- begets the discovery of cell membrane structure

Question 12

Why does technology “beget” discoveries?

Answer 12

They allow for more discoveries by making previously impossible things possible

Question 13

Prokaryote etymology

Answer 13

Pro - before

Karyote - (from karyon) meaning nucleus

Question 14

Define protists

Answer 14

They cannot be categorized as animals, plants not fungi

Question 15

Distinguish cytoplasm and cytosol

Answer 15

Cytoplasm
- the region where all chemical reactions take place

Cytosol
- the liquid part, gel like
- PART of cytoplasm

Question 16

Why are proteins important in the cell membrane?

Answer 16

They can communicate with the outside cells.
- Distinguish bad proteins from good proteins.

Question 17

Define plasmids

Answer 17

Circular DNA that has a specialization/unique trait
- seen prokaryotes
- thus can be used as evidence for endosymbiosis

Question 18

What are the practical applications of our genetic code being universal?

Answer 18

For example:
- they could extract a DNA of a different organism to sell insulin.

Question 19

Define “synthesize”

Answer 19

making

Question 20

Why are the ribosomes separated into 2 subunits?

Answer 20

So they could be activated during translation

Question 21

Outline the two domains under “Bacteria”

Answer 21

Bacteria and Archaea (Bacteria)

Question 22

Define organelle

Answer 22

Little organ of a cell that does its job

Question 23

Define organelle

Answer 23

Little organ of a cell that does its job

Question 24

How could pili play a part in both infections and resistance

Answer 24

For infections:
They can use the plasmids to infect an organism by harpooning DNA into the environment (e.g. mutating the cells by giving them their dna as an exchange thus making the organism sick)

For resistance:
They could also have a positive effect as some prokaryotes could be resistant to certain things and by the exchange of DNA via pili, then it can give resistance to the host organism

Question 25

Define permeable

Answer 25

lets anything in

Question 26

define “semi-permeable”

Answer 26

selective

Question 27

Define emergent properties

Answer 27

The function together is greater than the function of the individual

Question 28

Why do nucleus have pores?

Answer 28

To release the proteins and DNA

• selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 29

Why is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum near/close to the Nucleus?

Answer 29

The DNA in the nucleus have the code to make the proteins