Class notes (Unit 2) Flashcards
Describe Robert Hooke’s contributions
First to observe cells
- “cells” (etymology): came from Latin, came from cella meaning storeroom or chamber
Anton van Leewenhoek
Discovered unicellular organisms
Zacharaias Janen
invents the compound microscope
Matthias Schleiden
- Helped discover the Cell theory because he found that cells were made of cells.
Theodore Schwann
Found out that animal cells were made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
Proposed all cell came from pre-existing cells
- observation-wise: by Robert Lemak
- first-to-publish-wise: Robert Virchow
Ernsr Abbe and Carl Zeiss
invent the modern compound microscope
Why are electron microscopes more powerful than compound light microscopes
It is because electron beams are stronger than light
What are the two types of electron microscope?
1.) Scanning Electron Microscope
- Could see the 3d of the specimen,
2.) Transmission Electron Microscope
- can see parts of organelles
What is immunofluorescence?
- technique for determining the location of an antigen (or antibody) in tissues by reaction with an antibody (or antigen) labeled with a fluorescent dye.
Explain freeze-fracture
When they make a specimen freeze and beak it in order to see the internal structure of something
- begets the discovery of cell membrane structure
Why does technology “beget” discoveries?
They allow for more discoveries by making previously impossible things possible
Prokaryote etymology
Pro - before
Karyote - (from karyon) meaning nucleus
Define protists
They cannot be categorized as animals, plants not fungi
Distinguish cytoplasm and cytosol
Cytoplasm
- the region where all chemical reactions take place
Cytosol
- the liquid part, gel like
- PART of cytoplasm
Why are proteins important in the cell membrane?
They can communicate with the outside cells.
- Distinguish bad proteins from good proteins.
Define plasmids
Circular DNA that has a specialization/unique trait
- seen prokaryotes
- thus can be used as evidence for endosymbiosis
What are the practical applications of our genetic code being universal?
For example:
- they could extract a DNA of a different organism to sell insulin.
Define “synthesize”
making
Why are the ribosomes separated into 2 subunits?
So they could be activated during translation
Outline the two domains under “Bacteria”
Bacteria and Archaea (Bacteria)
Define organelle
Little organ of a cell that does its job
Define organelle
Little organ of a cell that does its job
How could pili play a part in both infections and resistance
For infections:
They can use the plasmids to infect an organism by harpooning DNA into the environment (e.g. mutating the cells by giving them their dna as an exchange thus making the organism sick)
For resistance:
They could also have a positive effect as some prokaryotes could be resistant to certain things and by the exchange of DNA via pili, then it can give resistance to the host organism
Define permeable
lets anything in
define “semi-permeable”
selective
Define emergent properties
The function together is greater than the function of the individual
Why do nucleus have pores?
To release the proteins and DNA
- selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Why is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum near/close to the Nucleus?
The DNA in the nucleus have the code to make the proteins
