Class notes (Unit 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Robert Hooke’s contributions

A

First to observe cells
- “cells” (etymology): came from Latin, came from cella meaning storeroom or chamber

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2
Q

Anton van Leewenhoek

A

Discovered unicellular organisms

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3
Q

Zacharaias Janen

A

invents the compound microscope

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4
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A
  • Helped discover the Cell theory because he found that cells were made of cells.
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5
Q

Theodore Schwann

A

Found out that animal cells were made of cells

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6
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Proposed all cell came from pre-existing cells
- observation-wise: by Robert Lemak
- first-to-publish-wise: Robert Virchow

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7
Q

Ernsr Abbe and Carl Zeiss

A

invent the modern compound microscope

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8
Q

Why are electron microscopes more powerful than compound light microscopes

A

It is because electron beams are stronger than light

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9
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

1.) Scanning Electron Microscope
- Could see the 3d of the specimen,

2.) Transmission Electron Microscope
- can see parts of organelles

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10
Q

What is immunofluorescence?

A
  • technique for determining the location of an antigen (or antibody) in tissues by reaction with an antibody (or antigen) labeled with a fluorescent dye.
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11
Q

Explain freeze-fracture

A

When they make a specimen freeze and beak it in order to see the internal structure of something
- begets the discovery of cell membrane structure

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12
Q

Why does technology “beget” discoveries?

A

They allow for more discoveries by making previously impossible things possible

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13
Q

Prokaryote etymology

A

Pro - before

Karyote - (from karyon) meaning nucleus

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14
Q

Define protists

A

They cannot be categorized as animals, plants not fungi

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15
Q

Distinguish cytoplasm and cytosol

A

Cytoplasm
- the region where all chemical reactions take place

Cytosol
- the liquid part, gel like
- PART of cytoplasm

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16
Q

Why are proteins important in the cell membrane?

A

They can communicate with the outside cells.
- Distinguish bad proteins from good proteins.

17
Q

Define plasmids

A

Circular DNA that has a specialization/unique trait
- seen prokaryotes
- thus can be used as evidence for endosymbiosis

18
Q

What are the practical applications of our genetic code being universal?

A

For example:
- they could extract a DNA of a different organism to sell insulin.

19
Q

Define “synthesize”

A

making

20
Q

Why are the ribosomes separated into 2 subunits?

A

So they could be activated during translation

21
Q

Outline the two domains under “Bacteria”

A

Bacteria and Archaea (Bacteria)

22
Q

Define organelle

A

Little organ of a cell that does its job

23
Q

Define organelle

A

Little organ of a cell that does its job

24
Q

How could pili play a part in both infections and resistance

A

For infections:
They can use the plasmids to infect an organism by harpooning DNA into the environment (e.g. mutating the cells by giving them their dna as an exchange thus making the organism sick)

For resistance:
They could also have a positive effect as some prokaryotes could be resistant to certain things and by the exchange of DNA via pili, then it can give resistance to the host organism

25
Q

Define permeable

A

lets anything in

26
Q

define “semi-permeable”

A

selective

27
Q

Define emergent properties

A

The function together is greater than the function of the individual

28
Q

Why do nucleus have pores?

A

To release the proteins and DNA

  • selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm
29
Q

Why is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum near/close to the Nucleus?

A

The DNA in the nucleus have the code to make the proteins