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Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Flashcards

1
Q

Define deoxyribose

A

A pentose sugar/monosaccharide that DOES NOT have a hydroxyl group. (reduced)

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46….? (diploid)

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3
Q

Define genome

A

the complete set of genetic information in an organism

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4
Q

What is the purpose of decoding genomes?

A

To cure dieases (the basic of the basic stuff)

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5
Q

compare and comtrast ribose vs deoxyribose

A

Compare:
- ribose and deoxyribose are both sugars

Differentiate:
- ribose has an oxidized hydrogen atom (OH)
- deoxyribose is a reduced hydrogen atom

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6
Q

Outline the four biomolecules

A

_ carbs
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

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7
Q

Outline the two types of nucleic acids

A

RNA, DNA

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8
Q

Briefly differntiate RNA and DNA on terms of structure

A

DNA - double helix
RNA - single stranded

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9
Q

Describe the functions of nucleic acids

A

1.) Pass the genetic information from one generation to another;
- DNA replication
- during the s-phase (synthesis phase)
- semi-conservative

2.) To give the code for the production of proteins (translations);
- Translation
- the nitrogenous bases of the DNA and RNA will create sequences of nitro bases (ie. codons) so that it can code into proteins

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10
Q

Describe semi-conservative

A

The old strands as templates for new DNA
- the DNA will unwind into separate helixes to form new strands

  • Old OLD
    NEW NEW
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11
Q

Describe codon

A

A sequence of nitrogenous bases to code into a certain amino acid
- the order can be different but the letters are the same
- we all share the same genetic code, it’s just the sequencing is different

(e.g. ATT vs TAT) or (e.g. AGC vs ACG)

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12
Q

Define DNA transcription

A
  • RNA copies code from DNA
  • to become mRNA (or messenger RNA)
  • and bring it to ribosomes via cytoplasm for protein synthesis
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13
Q

Define RNA translation

A

Genetic information of RNA is used for protein synthesis

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14
Q

Differentiate DNA and RNA on terms of structure and function [4]

A

DNA:
- passes hereditary info (genetic info of traits to be passed down) between generations of cells
- codes to make RNA during transcription
- double stranded, deoxyribose sugar

RNA:
- makes proteins during translation
- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- single stranded, ribose sugar

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15
Q

Define mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

A

mRNA - messenger rna
rRNA - ribosome RNA
tRNA - transfer RNA

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16
Q

Describe the Hershey-Chase experiment (short ver.)

A
  • Before: Protein = genetic material in the 1940s
  • PROCESS: viruses and bacteria where put in a solution -> bacteria infected with virus’ genetic material -> centrifuge to reveal what is inside the pellets (concentrated cells). -> DNA entered but protein didn’t
  • RESULTS: DNA is the genetic material
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17
Q

Why was proteins considered the genetic material?

A

it has 20 types of amino acids and DNA only had 4 nitrogenous bases

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18
Q

Define what is a LUCA

A

the ancestor that all organisms share their DNA with

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19
Q

DNA is universal to life

A
  • all organisms use DNA
  • Therefore, LUCA evidence is the use of genetic code
  • the more similar the DNA sequence, the more closely related they are
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20
Q

Why are viruses not living things?

A

Not made of cells

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21
Q

What are the common components of viruses

A
  • nucleic acids
  • protein coats
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22
Q

Define replicators

A

a component that facilitates self-replication

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23
Q

why do antibiotics not work on viruses

A

Because the viruses don’t have a membrane and the antibiotic attacks the plasma membrane

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24
Q

Describe the structure of nucleotides

A

!.) nitrogenous base
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T) — ONLY FOR DNA
- Uracil (U)
_ Guanine (G)
_ Cytosine (C)
2.) Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
3.) Negatively-charged phosphate

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25
What are nucleic acids’ monomer?
Nucleotides
26
Differentiate RNA and DNA on terms of sugar
Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
27
Outline the two types of nitrogenous bases
- must be paired w the opposite type 1.) Purine - A + G 2.) Pyrimidine - C + T
28
Why does the RNA have bonding of nitro bases?
During transcription
29
What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids on terms of their chemical structure
Lipids have more hydrogen to oxygen
30
What are the chemical elements present in the nucleotide
CHONP - carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen - phosphate
31
Draw the structure of a nucleotide
32
Describe the pentose sugars
- both rna and dna have pentose sugars - numbering: clockwise — from the “rooftop” [not sure about this one] - carbon 2’: OH or H to determine if DNA or RNA [same with here]
33
Describe the nucleic acid backbone [4]
- made of phosphate and pentose sugar - -5’ carbon with a phosphate - 3’ with a pentose [??] - formed by condensation (monomer: nucleotides)
34
Give the name for the type of bond for the nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
35
Where are the bonding sides of the carbon/pentose sugar
5’ end of one nucleotide to 3’
36
How to draw a covalent bond?
Solid line
37
What is the function of the backbone?
TO PROVIDE STABILITY
38
What are the structural differences of RNA and DNA backbone
-> the ends - DNA runs anti-parallel - strand 1: 3’ start to 5’ end of pentose sugar - strand 2: opp. - RNA runs parallel
39
Define antiparallel
running in the opposite direction (DNA double helix)
40
Describe the RNA “backbone” (ADD FROM PPT)
one-sugar phosphate backbone
41
Differentiate the two types of nitrigenous bases
Purine - double ring Pyrimidine - single 💍
42
How to read the translation wheel (my own words)
inside to outside
43
How to know from codons that it is DNA
The presence of thymine (T)
44
Define gene
Specific nitrogenous sequence that codes the making of a protein
45
Give the type of bonds between nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bonds - A = T (double bond) — Pu(rine) and Py(rimidine) - C (TRIPLE BOND) G — Py and Pu
46
Give the similarities of RNA and DNA
- polymers of nucleotides / nucleic acids - backbones made of sugar and phosphate
47
Contrast RNA and DNA
DNA: - deoxyribose - 2 anti-parallel - function: to pass hereditary info - found in nucleus - in prokaryotes, in the nucleoid + plasmid RNA: - ribose - single strand - function: gene code to make proteins - located in cytoplasm
48
Define complementary base pairing
- nitrogenous bases pair up in a consistent pattern
49
Briefly outline the process of transcription [1]
DNA genetic code copied by RNA
50
Briefly outline the process of translation [1]
RNA’s genetic sequence used by the ribosomes to synthesize proteins
51
Which nitrogenous bases have a triple bond?
Cytosine and Guanine
52
At which part of the nucleotide will condensation occur?
-> Bonding happens between the 3rd carbon and the phosphate atom of the other nucleotide
53
Which nitrogenous bases have a double bond
Adenine - Thymine
54
Outline the purine-to-pyrimidine bonding
- adenine to thymine - two hydrogen bonds - cytosine to guanine - three hydrogen bonds
55
Define “packaged” dna
DNA that is condensed into a compact bundle (ie. at the end of DNA packaging, chromosomes)
56
Define “stored” DNA
DNA is stored away for future uses
57
Describe DNA packaging
- in order to store DNA in cells, the DNA is packaged - the DNA is condensed into layers of coils, coiled around the histones - basic unit: nucleosome - linker DNA - nucleosome -> solenoid fibre -> chromatin -> chromosome
58
Describe the nucleosome
Basic structural unit of DNA packaging - consists of a core of eight proteins called histones -
59
Define solenoid fibre
Nucleosomes wrapped around one another
60
Define chromatin
Solenoid fibres coiled/wrapped around one another
61
Describe nucleosomes
DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octomer (a group of 4 histones copied to make 8??) and it is bound/sealed to the nucleosome core via the H1 histone
62
Describe the nucleosome
DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octamer yet it is sealed/bound to the nucleosome core by the H1 histone.
63
Describe the nucleosome
DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octamer yet it is sealed/bound to the nucleosome core by the H1 histone.
64
Define octamer
There are groups of 4 different types of histones. However there are two copies of the same group, hence “octamer) (8 histones in total)
65
Define replication fork
A very active area where DNA replication takes place
66
Define leading strand
DNA strand going along the same direction of the replication fork
67
Define lagging strand
Runs in the opp. direction of the replication fork
68
Describe DNA replication in lysogenic cycle
- Prophage genome replicated passivelt - meaning: small so bac hosts unharmed -WBCs cant detect
69
Describe DNA replication
The production of exact copies of DNA from an old “template” via condensation reaction [semi-conservative]; - *5’ phosphate ebd us added to the 3’ deoxyribose end* - catalyzed by DNA polymerase _ lagging strand; _ leading strand;
70
Describe transcription [4]
- synthesis of RNA using a DNA; - transcription is 5’ to the 3’ ribose end of the growing RNA; - RNA polymerase adds the nucleotides; - can only add to the 3’ end of the RNA nucleotide;
71
Describe translation
- synthesis of polypeptides/proteins; - during the start; ribosome attached to 5’ end (??? 3’?); - it moves until 3’ end; - **translation is 5’ to 3’**
72
Describe Oswald Avery’s experiment
- **Scientist:** Oswald Avery - **Year:** 1944 - **Experiment:** Took heat-killed virulent bacteria, extracted different components (protein, RNA, DNA), and tested each for transformation ability. - **Findings:** DNA was the transforming factor, as only DNA extract led to non-virulent bacteria becoming virulent. - **Significance:** Established DNA as the genetic material, laying the foundation for molecular genetics.
73
In the Hershey-Chase Experiment, what is a supernatant?
The liquid in the centrifuge where the centrifuging took place
74
Why are the T2 bacteriophage used in the Hershey-Chase Experiment
Simple structure: - protein coat - nucleic acid
75
Why was 35^S and 32^P used?
Suflure (35S) - associated with proteins (CHON/s) Phosphorus (32P) - associated with nucleic acid (nuc’tide sturcture)
76
Define what is the proposed structure of DNA prior to Rosalind’s experiment/findings?
Tetranucleotide (4 nuc’s in like a tetra pack)

Biology IB (32 decks)

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