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Biology IB > Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define deoxyribose

A

A pentose sugar/monosaccharide that DOES NOT have a hydroxyl group. (reduced)

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46….? (diploid)

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3
Q

Define genome

A

the complete set of genetic information in an organism

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4
Q

What is the purpose of decoding genomes?

A

To cure dieases (the basic of the basic stuff)

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5
Q

compare and comtrast ribose vs deoxyribose

A

Compare:
- ribose and deoxyribose are both sugars

Differentiate:
- ribose has an oxidized hydrogen atom (OH)
- deoxyribose is a reduced hydrogen atom

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6
Q

Outline the four biomolecules

A

_ carbs
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

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7
Q

Outline the two types of nucleic acids

A

RNA, DNA

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8
Q

Briefly differntiate RNA and DNA on terms of structure

A

DNA - double helix
RNA - single stranded

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9
Q

Describe the functions of nucleic acids

A

1.) Pass the genetic information from one generation to another;
- DNA replication
- during the s-phase (synthesis phase)
- semi-conservative

2.) To give the code for the production of proteins (translations);
- Translation
- the nitrogenous bases of the DNA and RNA will create sequences of nitro bases (ie. codons) so that it can code into proteins

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10
Q

Describe semi-conservative

A

The old strands as templates for new DNA
- the DNA will unwind into separate helixes to form new strands

  • Old OLD
    NEW NEW
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11
Q

Describe codon

A

A sequence of nitrogenous bases to code into a certain amino acid
- the order can be different but the letters are the same
- we all share the same genetic code, it’s just the sequencing is different

(e.g. ATT vs TAT) or (e.g. AGC vs ACG)

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12
Q

Define DNA transcription

A
  • RNA copies code from DNA
  • to become mRNA (or messenger RNA)
  • and bring it to ribosomes via cytoplasm for protein synthesis
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13
Q

Define RNA translation

A

Genetic information of RNA is used for protein synthesis

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14
Q

Differentiate DNA and RNA on terms of structure and function [4]

A

DNA:
- passes hereditary info (genetic info of traits to be passed down) between generations of cells
- codes to make RNA during transcription
- double stranded, deoxyribose sugar

RNA:
- makes proteins during translation
- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- single stranded, ribose sugar

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15
Q

Define mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

A

mRNA - messenger rna
rRNA - ribosome RNA
tRNA - transfer RNA

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16
Q

Describe the Hershey-Chase experiment (short ver.)

A
  • Before: Protein = genetic material in the 1940s
  • PROCESS: viruses and bacteria where put in a solution -> bacteria infected with virus’ genetic material -> centrifuge to reveal what is inside the pellets (concentrated cells). -> DNA entered but protein didn’t
  • RESULTS: DNA is the genetic material
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17
Q

Why was proteins considered the genetic material?

A

it has 20 types of amino acids and DNA only had 4 nitrogenous bases

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18
Q

Define what is a LUCA

A

the ancestor that all organisms share their DNA with

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19
Q

DNA is universal to life

A
  • all organisms use DNA
  • Therefore, LUCA evidence is the use of genetic code
  • the more similar the DNA sequence, the more closely related they are
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20
Q

Why are viruses not living things?

A

Not made of cells

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21
Q

What are the common components of viruses

A
  • nucleic acids
  • protein coats
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22
Q

Define replicators

A

a component that facilitates self-replication

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23
Q

why do antibiotics not work on viruses

A

Because the viruses don’t have a membrane and the antibiotic attacks the plasma membrane

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24
Q

Describe the structure of nucleotides

A

!.) nitrogenous base
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T) — ONLY FOR DNA
- Uracil (U)
_ Guanine (G)
_ Cytosine (C)
2.) Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
3.) Negatively-charged phosphate

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25
Q

What are nucleic acids’ monomer?

A

Nucleotides

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26
Q

Differentiate RNA and DNA on terms of sugar

A

Ribose - RNA
Deoxyribose - DNA

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27
Q

Outline the two types of nitrogenous bases

A
  • must be paired w the opposite type

1.) Purine
- A + G
2.) Pyrimidine
- C + T

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28
Q

Why does the RNA have bonding of nitro bases?

A

During transcription

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29
Q

What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids on terms of their chemical structure

A

Lipids have more hydrogen to oxygen

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30
Q

What are the chemical elements present in the nucleotide

A

CHONP
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phosphate

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31
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide

A
32
Q

Describe the pentose sugars

A
  • both rna and dna have pentose sugars
  • numbering: clockwise — from the “rooftop” [not sure about this one]
  • carbon 2’: OH or H to determine if DNA or RNA [same with here]
33
Q

Describe the nucleic acid backbone [4]

A
  • made of phosphate and pentose sugar
  • -5’ carbon with a phosphate
  • 3’ with a pentose [??]
  • formed by condensation (monomer: nucleotides)
34
Q

Give the name for the type of bond for the nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

35
Q

Where are the bonding sides of the carbon/pentose sugar

A

5’ end of one nucleotide to 3’

36
Q

How to draw a covalent bond?

A

Solid line

37
Q

What is the function of the backbone?

A

TO PROVIDE STABILITY

38
Q

What are the structural differences of RNA and DNA backbone

A

-> the ends
- DNA runs anti-parallel
- strand 1: 3’ start to 5’ end of pentose sugar
- strand 2: opp.
- RNA runs parallel

39
Q

Define antiparallel

A

running in the opposite direction (DNA double helix)

40
Q

Describe the RNA “backbone” (ADD FROM PPT)

A

one-sugar phosphate backbone

41
Q

Differentiate the two types of nitrigenous bases

A

Purine - double ring
Pyrimidine - single 💍

42
Q

How to read the translation wheel (my own words)

A

inside to outside

43
Q

How to know from codons that it is DNA

A

The presence of thymine (T)

44
Q

Define gene

A

Specific nitrogenous sequence that codes the making of a protein

45
Q

Give the type of bonds between nitrogenous bases

A

Hydrogen bonds
- A = T (double bond) — Pu(rine) and Py(rimidine)
- C (TRIPLE BOND) G — Py and Pu

46
Q

Give the similarities of RNA and DNA

A
  • polymers of nucleotides / nucleic acids
  • backbones made of sugar and phosphate
47
Q

Contrast RNA and DNA

A

DNA:
- deoxyribose
- 2 anti-parallel
- function: to pass hereditary info
- found in nucleus
- in prokaryotes, in the nucleoid + plasmid

RNA:
- ribose
- single strand
- function: gene code to make proteins
- located in cytoplasm

48
Q

Define complementary base pairing

A
  • nitrogenous bases pair up in a consistent pattern
49
Q

Briefly outline the process of transcription [1]

A

DNA genetic code copied by RNA

50
Q

Briefly outline the process of translation [1]

A

RNA’s genetic sequence used by the ribosomes to synthesize proteins

51
Q

Which nitrogenous bases have a triple bond?

A

Cytosine and Guanine

52
Q

At which part of the nucleotide will condensation occur?

A

-> Bonding happens between the 3rd carbon and the phosphate atom of the other nucleotide

53
Q

Which nitrogenous bases have a double bond

A

Adenine - Thymine

54
Q

Outline the purine-to-pyrimidine bonding

A
  • adenine to thymine - two hydrogen bonds
  • cytosine to guanine - three hydrogen bonds
55
Q

Define “packaged” dna

A

DNA that is condensed into a compact bundle (ie. at the end of DNA packaging, chromosomes)

56
Q

Define “stored” DNA

A

DNA is stored away for future uses

57
Q

Describe DNA packaging

A
  • in order to store DNA in cells, the DNA is packaged
  • the DNA is condensed into layers of coils, coiled around the histones
  • basic unit: nucleosome
  • linker DNA
  • nucleosome -> solenoid fibre -> chromatin -> chromosome
58
Q

Describe the nucleosome

A

Basic structural unit of DNA packaging
- consists of a core of eight proteins called histones
-

59
Q

Define solenoid fibre

A

Nucleosomes wrapped around one another

60
Q

Define chromatin

A

Solenoid fibres coiled/wrapped around one another

61
Q

Describe nucleosomes

A

DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octomer (a group of 4 histones copied to make 8??) and it is bound/sealed to the nucleosome core via the H1 histone

62
Q

Describe the nucleosome

A

DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octamer yet it is sealed/bound to the nucleosome core by the H1 histone.

63
Q

Describe the nucleosome

A

DNA is wrapped around 8 histones/an octamer yet it is sealed/bound to the nucleosome core by the H1 histone.

64
Q

Define octamer

A

There are groups of 4 different types of histones. However there are two copies of the same group, hence “octamer) (8 histones in total)

65
Q

Define replication fork

A

A very active area where DNA replication takes place

66
Q

Define leading strand

A

DNA strand going along the same direction of the replication fork

67
Q

Define lagging strand

A

Runs in the opp. direction of the replication fork

68
Q

Describe DNA replication in lysogenic cycle

A
  • Prophage genome replicated passivelt
  • meaning: small so bac hosts unharmed
    -WBCs cant detect
69
Q

Describe DNA replication

A

The production of exact copies of DNA from an old “template” via condensation reaction [semi-conservative];
- 5’ phosphate ebd us added to the 3’ deoxyribose end
- catalyzed by DNA polymerase
_ lagging strand;
_ leading strand;

70
Q

Describe transcription [4]

A
  • synthesis of RNA using a DNA;
  • transcription is 5’ to the 3’ ribose end of the growing RNA;
  • RNA polymerase adds the nucleotides;
  • can only add to the 3’ end of the RNA nucleotide;
71
Q

Describe translation

A
  • synthesis of polypeptides/proteins;
  • during the start; ribosome attached to 5’ end (??? 3’?);
  • it moves until 3’ end;
  • translation is 5’ to 3’
72
Q

Describe Oswald Avery’s experiment

A
  • Scientist: Oswald Avery
  • Year: 1944
  • Experiment: Took heat-killed virulent bacteria, extracted different components (protein, RNA, DNA), and tested each for transformation ability.
  • Findings: DNA was the transforming factor, as only DNA extract led to non-virulent bacteria becoming virulent.
  • Significance: Established DNA as the genetic material, laying the foundation for molecular genetics.
73
Q

In the Hershey-Chase Experiment, what is a supernatant?

A

The liquid in the centrifuge where the centrifuging took place

74
Q

Why are the T2 bacteriophage used in the Hershey-Chase Experiment

A

Simple structure:
- protein coat
- nucleic acid

75
Q

Why was 35^S and 32^P used?

A

Suflure (35S) - associated with proteins (CHON/s)

Phosphorus (32P) - associated with nucleic acid (nuc’tide sturcture)

76
Q

Define what is the proposed structure of DNA prior to Rosalind’s experiment/findings?

A

Tetranucleotide (4 nuc’s in like a tetra pack)

Biology IB (27 decks)

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