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Biology IB > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

Plants making food

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2
Q

Briefly outline the process of photosynthesis (the conversion of energy)

A

light energy -> chemical energy (in the form of glucose to become polysacc)

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3
Q

Outline the two reactions in photosynthesis

A

Light dependent and light independent

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4
Q

Can non plants do photosynthesis

A

yes

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5
Q

Define autotrophs

A

Can make their own food

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6
Q

Outline the two types of autotrophs

A

1.) Photo autotrophs
2.) Chemo autotrophs

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7
Q

Give the chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O - sunlight/chlorophyll -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

Why isn’t photosynthesis an “inverse” of cell respiration?

A

Because they take place in diff parts
- only certain things have chloroplasts

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9
Q

But why does photosynthesis and cell respiration have a relationship

A

Another man’s trash is another one’s treasure (the input and output are dissimilar)

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10
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

1.) Light-dependent reaction
2.) Light-independent reaction [aka dark rxn/Calvin cycle]

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11
Q

What occurs in the first stage, “Lyse”?

A

Break down the water into hydrogen and oxygen to get ATP for stage 2 [PHOTOLYSIS]
- Gets ATP from Hydrogen ion of water (like ETC hehe)
- End product: hydrogen ion -> 2 ATP and oxygen (“waste product”)

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12
Q

What occurs in the second stage/Carbon Fixation?

A

Energy from ATP to transform carbon dioxide -> carbs (to make da glucose)
- Catalyzed by Rubisco
-> Rubisco helps the bonding of the single carbon atom to the RuBP

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13
Q

Where does light independent reaction occur?

A

Stroma, gel like structure

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14
Q

Granum vs thylakoid

A
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15
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle and Link Reaction take place (Cell resp.)

A

in the matrix

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16
Q

In the chemical reaction of photosynth, which is the reduced and which is oxidized?

A

Reduced: 6 Co2

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17
Q

Why do plants convert glucose into sucrose / into polysaccharides

A

Anabolic pathway because they need polysacc such as starch and cellulose

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18
Q

How is starch formed?

A

Condensation

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19
Q

Outline the range of the wavelengths of light

A

ROYGBV
(Red - longest wavelength,
Violet - shortest wavelength)

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20
Q

which wavelength of light is used by green plants?

A

Blue and Red are absorbed

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21
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs the Red and Blue wavelengths but the green light is reflected.
(color shown - reflected) [LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION]

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22
Q

Differentiate action vs absorption spectrum

A

Action spectrum
- after absorbing the wavelenth, what will be the of wavelength used ?
- not green, e.g.: red and blue?

Absorption spectrum
- wavelengths absorbed/got
-ie. all except green (green is reflected) [for chlorophyl — for the green plants]

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23
Q

Do all plants have the same action/absorption spectrum

A

They all have diff colours.

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24
Q

Which pigment aids plants in winter?

A

So they could produce food, they’ll use accessory pigments which can do photosynthesis for them

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25
Q

How can CO2 concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

affects the rubisco — the fixation enzyme (carbon fixation — attaches a carbon atom to the RuBP)
Main idea: ^ CO2 concentration = ^ rate of photosynthesis to a certain point.
- if less carbon concentration, less carbon collide w/ active site -> v rate pf photo synthesis
- if more then, ^ rate of photosynthesis but there’d be a queue

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26
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

If high light, there’s a plateau because chloroplasts are working at full efficiency — chloroplast is occupied || The photosystems can only absorb a certain amount of light, carrier proteins can only carry one proton at a time,

-> There’s no enzyme being affected

if low light, v photosynthesis = v production of sugars

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27
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Affects enzyme Rubisco.
-> denaturation

28
Q

How will pH affect rate of photosynthesis?

A

if outside of optimum level -> rubisco denatured -> v rate of photosynthesis

29
Q

Outline the formula for the rate of photosynthesis

A

rate = change/time

30
Q

How to measure oxygen production?

A

Counting the bubbles

31
Q

What could we use to track the progress of photosynthesis

A

(recall chem form.)
H2O: Water
and Oxygen

32
Q

Why is photosynthesis important to the history of the Earth?

A

It lead to the Great Oxygenation Event (we got dem oxygen! no more oxygen reducing atmos!)

33
Q

What are photosystems and whats the difference between photosystem 1 and photosystem 2

A

Definition:
Photosystems as arrays of pigment molecules that can generate and emit excited electrons

Difference:
- the pigments
- photosystem II comes first
- Photosystem two concerns the production of ATP (cyclic photophosphorylation)
- Photosystem I concerns the reduction of NADP to NADPH + (non-cyclic photosphosphorylation)

34
Q

What is the electron carrier for photosynthesis

A

NADPH
-> p for photosynthesis

35
Q

What are the processes under the two stages of photosynthesis

A

1.) Light-dependent
- only photolysis (aka light breaking down water for ATP)

2.) Light-independent
- carbon fixation
- reduction ||\

36
Q

WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS OF THE TWO STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

Light-dependent reactions:
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

Light-independent Reactions (Calvin’s Cycle):
- sugars

37
Q

What do light-independent reactions use in order to form organic molecules?

A

Chemical energy (ATP)
- Calvin Cycle uses products from light-dependent reactions (chemical reaction) to form sugars (organic molecules)

38
Q

Why are the stomata located under the leaf?

A

The water is located in stomata -> need water for photosynthesis -> stomata under leaf to avoid water evaporation

39
Q

Where do the 6 CARBON DIOXIDE ATOMS come from?

A

stomata

40
Q

Why do leaves need cuticles?

A

Cuticles are waxy substance that prevents evaporation of water

41
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

Maximize surface area for light absorption [Light dependent reaction]

42
Q

Define mesophyll layer

A

Layer that is rich in choloroplasts

43
Q

What is the compacted mesophyll layer called?

A

Palisade

44
Q

What is the not compacted mesophyll layer?

A

spongy

45
Q

What is the use of the spaces in the diff mesophyll layers (AJT. DRAWING)

A

So the CO2 can be distributed throughout the mesophyll layer

46
Q

What is the use of chloroplasts? (EDIT CARD)

A

Does photosynthesis:
- Thylakoid + cristae (photo system) - light dependent
- Matrix - Light-independent ?

47
Q

Describe the process of photosystems (REVISE CARD)

A

Photosystems have pigments like cholorphyll. The light hits -> electrons get excited, moves -> electrons get passed throughtout all photosystems throughout the membrane -> electrons from photolysis will replace the moved electrons in the photosystems so that the process can keep moving on

  • The moved electrons used to reduce NADP in the NDP reductase
48
Q

Define oxidation

A

losing of electrons

49
Q

How does photolysis get the energy (?) from H2O?

A

Oxidation.

50
Q

Describe Calvin Cycle

A

CARBON FIXATION
- “Rubisco” = RuBP — 5 carbon with two phosphates @ the end
1.) A CO2 atom bonds to the RuBP [6 carbon muolecule, 2 phos at the ends]
2.) Instability due to phos — bonds break -> 2 3C mols w/ phosphate each
3.) Phosphorylation from 2 ATP; came from light-dep (2 ATP -> 2 ADP) — why?
4.) NADPH -> NADP to remove the added phosphates (to diminish instability)
5.) 1 carbon deposited to form glucosw
6.) [Regeneration of RuBP] The rest (5 carbons — 1 2C with 1 Phos & 1 3C with 1 Phos) to form RuBP

51
Q

Why are photosystem 1 and 2 named as such yet phsystem 2 comes first?

A

Photosystem 1 was discovered first

52
Q

What are the products of light dependent reaction?

A

O2 (waste), ATP, NADPH

53
Q

What allows light dependent reaction to happen in the thylakoid?

A

the photosystems I and II

54
Q

What are the reactants of light dependent reaction?

A

H2O, light

55
Q

How many times must Calvin Cycle go over to get 1 glucose? DB

A

6 times because there’s 6 carbons in the glucose

56
Q

What is RuBP

A

Rubilose biphosphate
- 2 phosphate atoms

57
Q

Describe the calvin’s cycle (ADD PHOTO) [actual]

A

1.) [CARBON FIXATION] Co2 (a carbon atom of it) gets attached to RuBP -> 6 carbons 2 phosphates catalyzed by Rubisco (attaches them tgt)

2.) The molecule splits into two 3 carbon molecule w/ a phosphate atom each (PGA) — due to instability from phosphate group

3.) [PGA REDUCTION] 2 ATP (from light dependent reaction) reduces to 2 ADP -> donates the 2 phosphates to the carb molecules (becomes Biphosphoglycerates)

4.) the 2 NADPH uses energy to remove the two added phosphate atoms to the two groups (phosphoglyceraldehydes — PGAL)

5.) One of the carbon atoms from the 2 generated PGALs will be removed to become of one of the carbon atoms in the glucose.

58
Q

Why do plants need glucose

A

Not just for energy and structure (cellulose and starch) but can also be converted into other biomolecules

59
Q

Explain the relationship between the chloroplast structure and function?

A

1.) Fold in thylakoid: electron carries can be closer together (?), big SA:V ratio in order to maximize proton accumulation

2.) Chlorophyll: molecules grped together to form the photosystems — embedded in the membrane ?

3.) Grana - stacked thylakoids to increase SA:V ratio

4.) Stroma - central cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for Calvin’s Cycle

5.) Lamellae - maximizes photosynthetic efficiency by connecting and stacking thylakoids (grana)

60
Q

Differentiate the C3, C4 and CAM plants

A
61
Q

Outline the processes in light dependent reaction

A

1.) Getting the hydrogen ion from water (oxygen as by-product)

2.) Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

3.) Cyclic photophosphorylation

*photophosphorylation: adding phosphate atoms via light.

62
Q

Describe non-cyclic phosphorylation [5]

A

Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

  • Chlorophyll in photosystems I and II absorbs light, which triggers the release of high energy electrons [photoactivation]
  • The electrons from photosystem II *pass along a series of carriers (electron transport chain), producing ATP via chemiosmosis *
  • The electrons from photosystem I reduce NADP+ to generate NADPH + H+ using the enzyme NADP reductase
  • Electrons lost from photosystem I are replaced by electrons from photsystem II
  • Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by electrons generated by the photolysis of water (oxygen is produced as a by-product)
63
Q

Describe cyclic photosphorylation

A
  • Only photosystem I is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation
  • The high energy electrons released by photoactivation pass along an electron transport chain (producing ATP) before returning to photosystem I
  • does not produce NADPH + H+, which is needed for the light independent reactions
  • Thus while cyclic photophosphorylation can make chemical energy (ATP) from light, it cannot be used to make organic molecules

PURPOSE: ATP

64
Q

Outline the movement of hydrogen ions during the light-dependent reaction

A

IF FROM PHOTOLYSIS:
- thylakoid space -> stroma

IF FROM STROMA:
- stroma -> thylakoid space -> stroma

65
Q

Describe this [4]

A
  • light dependent exn;
  • a correct description of the four processes: the photolysis, the proton motive force, the chemiosmosis and the reduction of NADP;
  • a correct description of non-cyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation
66
Q

Identify the parts of the chloroplast

A

Biology IB (31 decks)

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