Protein part 3 Flashcards
What is the normal A/G ratio?
1.3 - 3:1
liver diseases, infectious diseases, multiple myeloma,
Low A/G ratio
- complexes with trypsin in blood to inactivate it
- Accounts to the majority of the alpha 1 globulins.
a-1-antitrypsin
increased in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in neural tube defects (spina bifida)
b. a-1-fetoprotein
- Liver tumor marker
b. a-1-fetoprotein
- Decreased in maternal serum during pregnancy associated with Down’s syndrome
b. a-1-fetoprotein
- Carrier for steroid hormones
c. a-1-acid glycoprotein
- Binds free hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
acute phase and nephrotic syndrome
Haptoglobin increases
Haptoglobin decreases in?
hemolysis and liver disease
transports heme
Hemopexin
Contains copper but does not transport it
Ceruloplasmin (oxidase)
Transport copper
Blue alpha 2 globulin
- ____________ copper in plasma is bound to ceruloplasmin
90-95%
acute phase and pregnancy and in Wilson’s disease
Ceruloplasmin decreases
Associated with low ceruloplasmin levels leading to low serum copper and copper overload in tissues (will have deposits)
Wilson’s disease
- Carrier for iron (transferrin) and lipids (lipoproteins)
Beta-globulins
Identical to light chains excreted in the urine of the patients with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Proteins
Bence Jones Proteins precipitate at ___________ and dissolves at _____________?
40-60◦C
100◦C
method used when identifying Bence Jones proteins
Immunofixation
Heme containing protein found in the striated skeletal and cardiac muscles
Myoglobin
Can be used as a marker for acute myocardial infection
Myoglobin
Myoglobin rises, peaks and returns to normal at?
- Rises at 1-3hrs ;
- Peaks at 5-12hrs and
- returns to normal in 18-30hrs
Specific for heart muscles
The cardiac isoforms of TNI AND TnT
Cardiac Troponin T rises, peaks and remains elevated at?
- Rises within 3-4hrs;
- Peaks at 10-24hrs and
- remains elevated up to 10-14 days
Cardiac Troponin I rises, peaks and remains elevated at?
- Rises within 3-6hrs;
- Peaks at 14-24hrs and
- returns to normal in 5-10 days.
- Specimen preferred for protein determination
SERUM
- Protein in the CSF is less than _______ compared to plasma protein.
1%
Direct optical method’s absorbance of UV light is at _____ or __________ and ___________
225nm
210nm
210-290nm
Is used to measure protein concentration and this applied to monitor chromatography separation of peptide and proteins.
Direct optical method
What is the average nitrogen content of protein?
16%
The actual Nitrogen content of serum protein ranges from___________
15.1 to 16.8.
Some ref prefer _________ which is the average Nitrogen content of different protein
6.54
Multiply N by?
6.25
- Albumin : ______
- Alpha: _____
- Beta: _______
- Gamma Globulin: _____
- Albumin : 6.53
- Alpha: 6.63
- Beta: 6.78
- Gamma Globulin: 6.52
Nitrogen is converted into NH3 by using?
H2SO4
INTERFERENCES THAT CAN BE ENCOUNTERED IN KJELDAHL METHOD?
a. NPN (Nonprotein Nitrogen)
b. Urea
c. Amino acids
What are the steps in Kjeldahl method?
Initial precipitation
Acid digestion
Ammonium ions
In the initial precipitation, - Serum proteins are precipitated using organic acids such as ____________?
Trichloroacetic acid/ Tungstic acid
- Serum proteins are precipitated using organic acids such as Trichloroacetic acid/ Tungstic acid
Initial precipitation
In what way does ammonium ions are released from Nitrogen?
Heating with sulfuric acid in the presence of a catalyst at 340-360C
To release ammonium ions from Nitrogen containing compounds by heating with Sulfuric acid in the presence of a catalyst (Cupric sulfate, Potassium sulfate, Hydrogen peroxide with Mercury or copper) at 340-360◦C
Acid digestion
Ammonium formed are quantitated by alkalization- distillation- acid titration or Nesslerization is done using Alkali Boric acid and HCl whereas Nesslerization is used using Kinhgi2
Ammonium ions
by alkalization- distillation- acid titration or Nesslerization is done using?
Alkali Boric acid and HCl and KINHGI2
