LIVER FUNCTION TEST part 2 Flashcards
What is the other name for Jaundice?
Icterus
What causes the yellow discoloration of the plasma, skin, sclerae & mucous membranes?
Bilirubin accumulation
It may be the first and often the only manifestation of liver disease.
Jaundice
Jaundice is clinically apparent when serum total Bilirubin reaches ____________.
2-3 mg/dL
What are the other signs of disturbances in Bilirubin metabolism?
Dark urine
Acholic stool
a deposition of bilirubin in the brain
Kernicterus
occurs when scar tissues are replaces a healthy normal liver tissues
Cirrhosis
What is the pressure for Portal Hypertension?
> 20mmHg
influx from the abdominal portion of the digestive tract, pancreas & spleen
Portal Vein
What is the pressure for Portal vein?
-5-10 mmHg
accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
In hepatic dysfunction __________ undergo limited or aberrant transformation, accumulate & exert unwanted effects
Drugs
drugs undergo limited or aberrant transformation, accumulate & exert unwanted effects
ALTERED DRUG METABOLISM
This increased estrogen effect, this happens among men.
Feminization
Hormone Imbalance
ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES
alterations in glucose metabolism due to _________________.
Insulin resistance
the liver efficiently sequesters dimeric Ig A & secretes it into the bile.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ABNORMALITIES
defects in uptake —> increase serum IgA
Liver disease
alteration in hemostasis and a generalized hemorrhagic tendency
DISORDERED HEMOSTASIS
when RBC are destroyed, hemoglobin is released
Hepatic Excretory Function
What transported the the hemoglobin in the plasma?
Haptoglobin
in cases of severe RBC destruction, ___________in plasma increases which then causes the __________ of the available ________
hemoglobin
utilization
haptoglobin
What happens to the level of Haptoglobin during the increase of RBC destruction?
Decreases
when hemoglobin can no longer be transported by haptoglobin, the hemoglobin molecules are then broken down into _____________
“heme” and “globin”
is the protein portion of the hemoglobin and will be recycled by the liver
Globin
is transported by the protein carrier known as hemopexin
Heme
when hemopexin is depleted, heme is divided into ________________.
iron and protoporphyrin
What happens to hemopexin when heme levels increase?
Decreases
What transported iron into the bone marrow and to be used in the synthesis of new RBC?
Transferrin
the protoporphyrin is now broken down into ___________ and further broken down into ______________ particularly the _____________form
biliverdin
bilirubin
unconjugated
the unconjugated bilirubin is then transported by _________ towards the site of conjugation which is the liver
albumin
in the liver cells, unconjugated bilirubin is converted into conjugated bilirubin through the action of the enzyme ______________, this process occurs in the ________ of the liver cell
Uridyl diphosphate glucuronyl transferase ( UDPGT)
smooth ER
then conjugated bilirubin goes out of the liver down to the _______ and it is emptied into the ________
bile duct
intestine
In the intestine, the conjugated bilirubin is
converted into the __________
urobilinogen
What organ in conjugated bilirubin is converted into urobilinogen?
Intestine
is a colorless substance formed in
the intestine
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is converted into?
urobilin
is an orange-brown pigment which is
responsible for the natural brown color of the
stool
Urobilin
TRUE OR FALSE:
normal urine may contain urobilinogen
true
Organic anions of both endogenous & exogenous origin are removed from the _______ and excreted into the ________
sinusoidal blood
bile
