prostate cancer

Question 1

prostate cancer spread

Answer 1

lymph nodes
bones

Question 2

risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 2

increasing age
family history
black african or caribbean origin
tall stature
anabolic steroids

Question 3

common pathophysiology of prostate cancer

Answer 3

androgen-dependent (eg testosterone)
adenocarcinomas
grow in the peripheral zone of the prostate

Question 4

presentation of prostate cancer

Answer 4

asymptomatic
lower urinary tract symptoms
haematuria
erectile dysfunction
symptoms of advanced disease or metastasis

Question 5

summary of PSA

Answer 5

epithelial cells produced PSA.
is a glycoprotein secreted in semen

Question 6

first line investigation of prostate cancer

Answer 6

Multiparametric MRI
- reported with likert scale

Question 7

2nd step investigation for prostate cancer (likert 3 or more)

Answer 7

prostate biopsy
- carries risks of false negative
two options: transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy, transperineal biopsy

Question 8

scan used to look for mets

Answer 8

isotope bone scan

Question 9

management of prostate cancer

Answer 9

depending on grading:
- watch and wait
- external beam radiotherapy
- brachytherapy
- hormone therapy
- surgery

Question 10

complication of external beam radiotherapy

Answer 10

proctitis (inflammation of rectum)

Question 11

hormone therapy of prostate cancer

Answer 11

aims to reduce levels of androgens that stimulate cancer to grow
usually used in combination with radiotherapy
- androgen- receptor blockers (bicalutamide)
- GnRH agonists- goserelin, leuprorelin
- bilateral orchidectomy