diseases

Question 1

type 1 renal tubular acidosis cause

Answer 1

is due to pathology in distal tubule

- unable to excrete hydrogen ions

Question 2

presentation of type 1 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 2

failure to thrive in children
hyperventilation to compensate for metabolic acidosis
chronic kidney disease
bone disease (osteomalacia)

Question 3

treatment of type 1 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 3

bicarbonate

Question 4

Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis cause

Answer 4

due to pathology in the proximal tubule. The proximal tubule is unable to reabsorb bicarbonate from the urine into the blood. Excessive bicarbonate is excreted in the urine

Question 5

electrolyte presentation of type 2 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 5

oral bicarbonate

Question 6

Type 4 Renal Tubular Acidosis cause

Answer 6

caused by reduced aldosterone

due to adrenal insufficiency, medications such as ACEi and spironolactone, SLE, diabetess, HIV

Question 7

results of type 4 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 7

Hyperkalaemia
High chloride
Metabolic acidosis
Low urinary pH

Question 8

management of type 4 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 8

fludrocortisone. Sodium bicarbonate and treatment of the hyperkalaemia may also be required

Question 9

seminoma

Answer 9

germ cell tumour of the testicle

Question 10

presentation of seminoma

Answer 10

painless testicular lump
man 40-50years
normal AFP and HCG

Question 11

which prostatic zone enlarges with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 11

transitional zone