Prokaryotes Flashcards
commensalism
The bacteria benefits without affecting the host
ex) bacteria helping certain type of fungi metabolize carbohydrates
parasitism
bacteria benefits, hertz host
ex) many bacterial infections in kingdom animalia and plantae
photoautotrophs
- use organic energy to recuse carbon dioxide to organic compounds
- photosynthetic
chemoautotrophs
- oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain energy
- use it to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound
- chemosynthetic
binary fission
bacterial cell replicates it’s genome and divides in half (2 identical daughter cells)
conjugation
“male” so passes do you need to “female” through sex pills
transformation
bacterium takes up DNA from environment released by dead bacteria
transduction
viruses (bacteriophage) carry bacterial DNA. these viruses serve as vectors
General prokaryotic structure
- lack membrane bound nucleus
- outer cell wall containing peptidoglycan
- some prokaryotes have a capsule/gelatinous sheath called a “slime layer”
- move with flagella
- may have accessory ring of DNA (plasmid)
oxygen requirements
- obligate aerobes: unable to grow in the absence of free O2
- obligate anaerobes: unable to grow in the presence of free O2
- facultative anaerobes: able to grow in the presence/absence of free O2
nitrifying bacteria
- heterotrophs
- convert nitrite to nitrate
chemosynthetic
-biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide or methane as a source of energy
endosymbiotic hypothesis
- mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria
- chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
mutualistic
- some bacteria establish a nitrogen fixing symbiosis on legume roots and on the stems of some aquatic plants.
- the bacteria help the plant harness nitrogen from the nitrogen cycle for the production of proteins and novelist acids.
- the bacteria benefit from obtaining carbon compounds for energy
