Excretory System Flashcards
0
Q
ADH
A
- antidiuretic hormone
- increases permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting duct, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood (dilutes blood)
- osmoreceptors stop or prevent release of ADH, collecting duct and distal tubules become less permeable to water, allowing more water to be excreted (too dilute)
1
Q
aldosterone
A
- hormone stimulates the distal tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium ions, because the reabsorption of sodium ions is followed passively by chloride ions and water, aldosterone has the net effect of retaining both salt and water
- stimulates secretion of potassium ions into the distal tubules and collecting ducts if potassium concentration in the blood is too high
2
Q
hemodialysis
A
- blood is pumped from the fistula into the dialyzer
- in the dialyzer, waste products filter from the blood through an artificial membrane into the dialysate
- filtered blood is pumped from the dialyzer into the fistula
- takes 3-5 hours and 3/4 times a week
- seated or lying down
3
Q
peritoneal
A
- caterer is surgically inserted into abdominal cavity and dialysate may be delivered
- since dialysate is always present, blood is continuously filtered
- 3-5 exchanges of fresh dialysate for used dialysate are needed each day
4
Q
keratin
A
- produced by epidermal cells
- waterproofs skin
- fingernails and toenails
5
Q
ureters and peristalsis
A
- urine tricked down from the calyces to the pelvis then into ureter
- alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, peristaltic waves, in the walls of the ureters and urine movement into the urinary bladder
6
Q
kidney stones
A
cause
-development of crystalline formations due to excess calcium in urine
treatment
- stones may pass through urinary tract itself
- medications may break down crystalline
- ultrasound shock waves disintegrate crystalline
- surgery
7
Q
urinary tract infection
A
-women have closer urethra, and anal openings making it easier from bacteria from bowels to enter urinary tract
8
Q
sphincter viscerae
A
- upper/inner ring of smooth muscle
- involuntary/ we don’t control it
- relaxes when 300ml of urine are present
9
Q
sphincter urethrae
A
- outer/lower striated ring of muscle
- voluntarily controlled
10
Q
deamination
A
- removal of an amino group from amino acid
- deminated amino acid of amino acid is converted into glucose then as glycogen in the liver
- amino group is converted into ammonia, highly toxic waste product
- liver then combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form a less toxic waste called urea
11
Q
epidermal skin layers
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum germinativum
12
Q
organs of excretion
A
- kidney
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra
13
Q
glucose and water reabsorption
A
glucose
-have mitochondria which use ATP to drive the active transport of glucose back into the blood
water
- negatively charged ions tag along passively attracted by the electrical charge in the transported ions
- water follows ions by osmosis so it’s reabsorbed into the blood
14
Q
sebaceous gland
A
- attached to hair follicle
- produce oily secretion that prevents hair from drying and cracking
- keeps hair soft
- if infected get pimple or acne
15
Q
urinary bladder
A
-stores urine temporarily
16
Q
ureter
A
- moves urine by peristaltic actions of smooth muscle to urinary bladder
- gravity helps
17
Q
nephron parts
A
- bowman capsule
- glomerulus
- proximal tubule
- distal tubule
- collecting duct
- descending/ascending loop of henle
- renal vein
- renal artery
18
Q
4 processes of urine production
A
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
- water reabsorption
19
Q
nephron
A
- filtering carousel substances from blood transforming into urine
- embedded within renal cortex
20
Q
nitrogenous waste products
A
- metabolic waste
- CO2
- H2O
- sodium/chloride/hydrogen ions
21
Q
glomerulus
A
- walls act as filtration device
- impermeable to proteins, RBC, other large molecules
- water, ions, small molecules and urea pass through walls
22
Q
cystitis
A
-inflammation of bladder due to urinary infection
