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CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT > PROCESS OF CONCEPTION AND EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

PROCESS OF CONCEPTION AND EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q
  • results in the production of diploid body (somatic) cells, which are exact copies of the original cell
  • makes growth and development possible, and in mature individuals
  • the process by which our body cells continue to divide and replace themselves.
A

mitosis

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2
Q
  • process of cell division leading to the development of eggs and sperm needed to produce a new organism
  • results in a haploid number of chromosomes - 23 each
  • 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
A

meiosis

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3
Q

process by which germ cells or gametes are produced

A

gametogenesis

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4
Q

gamete should have how many chromosomes?

A

23

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5
Q

name of the baby during:
ovulation to fertilization

A

ovum

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6
Q

name of the baby during:
fertilization to implantation

A

zygote

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7
Q

name of the baby during:
implantation to 5-8 weeks

A

embryo

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8
Q

name of the baby during:
5-8 weeks until term

A

fetus

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9
Q

name of the baby during:
developing embryo or fetus and placental structures

A

conceptus

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10
Q

parts of the sperm

A

head, body (midpiece), and tail

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11
Q

product of the golgi complex and contains the acrosin enzyme, mannose, hexosmine, and galactose

A

acrosome

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12
Q
  • responsible for the recognition of the oocyte to be fertilized
  • its lysosomal enzymes degrade the thick membrane of the egg
A

acrosome

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13
Q
  • recognition of the eggs based on molecule composition
  • allows the sperm to navigate towards the eggs through chemical signals
A

chemotaxis

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14
Q
  • the central strand of the tail (flagellum)
  • one of the main structures of the flagellum and is commonly known as the motility motor
A

axoneme

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15
Q
  • has a smooth and oval shape.
  • is the most important part of the cell given that it contains the nucleus (genetic material with 23 chromosomes) required to form a new organism.
A

head

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16
Q

nucleus takes up ___% of the head

A

65%

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17
Q

mitochondria is also suggested to play a role in controlled cell death known as ___

A

apoptosis

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18
Q

The midpiece of a sperm carries about ___ mitochondria

A

70

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19
Q
  • is the central part of the sperm cell between the head and the tail.
  • it makes up about 10 percent of the total sperm length.
  • it contains tightly packed mitochondria that provide the energy requires for swimming
A

midsection / midpiece

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20
Q

part of the sperm cell located between the head and the midpiece.

A

centriole

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21
Q

is a thin, elongated structure that makes up about 80 percent of the entire length of the sperm

A

tail

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22
Q

part that connects the flagellum to the sperm head

A

connecting piece

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23
Q

parts the generate waveform of the sperms and allows movement

A

principal piece (axial fillament) and end piece

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24
Q

Sperm cells have been shown to swim at an average rate of ___

A

3 mm/min

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25
Q
  • This is the type observed in the early stages of motility (in the epididymis as well as freshly ejaculated sperm).
  • the sperm’s flagella beats gently from one side to another as the cell moves along what may appear to be a straight path.
A

activated motility

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26
Q
  • this type of motility occurs is in the female reproductive tract (site of fertilization).
  • more erratic, with the flagellum depicting a symmetrical
  • serves to prevent the sperm cell from getting trapped, propelling through the reproductive tract (of the female) as well as enhancing sperm penetration into the egg (oocyte).
A

hyperactivated motility (hyperactivation)

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27
Q

sperm converts to a form that can penetrate the cell membrane of the egg

A

capacitation

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28
Q

what does the semen form to protect it from the acidic environment

A

gel

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29
Q

how many minutes until the liquefaction of semen gel so transportation may occur

A

20-30 minutes

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30
Q

after semen transportation, what is left in the vagina

A

seminal plasma

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31
Q

what propels the sperm upward the fallopian tubes

A

contractions of the uterus

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32
Q

how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract

A

5 days

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33
Q

tubal transport of the egg usually takes ___ days

A

3-4 days

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34
Q

egg transport phases:

A
  • slow transport in the ampulla (72 hours)
  • rapid phase passing through the isthmus and into the uterus (8 hours)
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35
Q

is the process by which a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a new diploid cell, or zygote

A

fertilization

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36
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

ampulla (outer 3rd of fallopian tube)

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37
Q

during ovulation, high estrogen levels increase ___ to help move the ovum to the uterus

A

peristalsis

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38
Q

high ___ levels cause thinning of the cervical mucus, facilitating sperm movement

A

estrogen

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39
Q

cell membrane surrounding the ovum

A

zona pellucida

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40
Q

gaseous corona surrounding the ovum

A

corona radiata

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41
Q

Ova are considered fertile for about ___ hours after ovulation

A

12-24

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42
Q

Sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for 48-72 hours but are believed to be healthy and highly fertile for about ___ hours

A

24

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43
Q

In a single ejaculation, the male deposits approximately ___ million spermatozoa in the vagina

A

200-300

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44
Q

Transit time pf sperm from the cervix into the fallopian tube can be as short as ___ minutes but usually takes an average of ___ hours after ejaculation

A

5 minutes,
2-7 hours

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45
Q

Sperm must undergo two processes before fertilization can occur:

A

capacitation and acrosomal reaction

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46
Q
  • Removal of plasma membrane & loss of seminal plasma CHON
  • Occurs in female reproductive tract and is thought to take about 7 hours
A

capacitation

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47
Q

Follows capacitation is the process of releasing their enzymes to break down the corona radiata of the ovum

A

acrosomal reaction

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48
Q
  • Occurs as nuclei unite
  • Zygote contains new combination of genetic material resulting in individual different from either parent and from anyone else
  • Sex of zygote is determined
A

fertilization

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49
Q
  • begins as the zygote moves through the fallopian tube towards the cavity of the uterus
  • this transport takes 3 days or more
A

cellular multiplication

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50
Q

The zygote now enters a period of rapid mitotic divisions called ___, during which it divides into two cells, four cells, eight cells, and so on.

A

cleavage

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51
Q

dividing cells, called ___, are so small that the developing cell mass is only slightly larger than the original zygote.

A

blastomeres

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52
Q

blastomeres are held together by the ___, which is under the corona radiata

A

zona pellucida

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53
Q

blastomeres eventually form a solid ball of 12-16 cells called the ___

A

morula

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54
Q

after entering the uterus:

The inner solid mass of cells is called the ___. The outer layer of cells that surrounds the cavity and replaces the zona pellucida is the ___

A

blastocyst,
trophoblast

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55
Q

Eventually, the trophoblast develops into one of the two embryonic membranes, the ___

A

chorion

56
Q

The blastocyst develops into a double layer of cells called the ___, from which the embryo will develop, and the other embryonic membrane (the amnion).

A

embryonic disc

57
Q
  • an immunosuppressant protein is secreted by the trophoblastic cells.
  • appears in the maternal serum within 24-48 hours after fertilization and forms the basis of pregnancy test during the first 10 days of development
A

EPF - early pregnancy factor

58
Q

tubal pregnancy where the fetus implants in the fallopian tube

A

ectopic pregnancy

59
Q
  • The process involving the attachment, penetration, and embedding of the blastocyst in the lining of the uterine wall
  • occurs 7-10 days after fertilization
A

implantation

60
Q

other name for attachment

A

apposition

61
Q

other name for penetration

A

adhesion

62
Q

other name for embedding

A

invasion

63
Q

frequent site of attachment

A

upper part of posterior uterine wall

64
Q

Under the influence of progesterone, the endometrium increases in thickness and vascularity and is called the ___

A

dedicua

65
Q

3 layers of dedicua

A
  • dedicua basalis
  • dedicua capsularis
  • dedicua vera/parietalis
66
Q

portion of the decidua that covers the blastocyst

A

dedicua capsularis

67
Q

portion of dedicua directly under the implanted blastocyst

A

dedicua basalis

68
Q

portion of dedicua that lines the rest of the uterine cavity

A

dedicua vera

69
Q

About the ___ day after conception, the homogeneous mass of blastocyst cell differentiates into the primary germ layers

A

10-14th day

70
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

71
Q

Implantation is completed by day ___, and ___ is beginning to form a discrete layer beneath the cytotrophoblast

A

day 9,
extraembyronic mesoderm

72
Q

By day ___ the embryo shows all three germ layers, a yolk sac, and an allantois

A

day 16

73
Q

on day 16 - cytotrophoblast and associated mesoderm have become the ___, and chorionic villi are developing

A

chorion

74
Q

what germ layer

Epidermis
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

A

ectoderm

75
Q

what germ layer

Nails
Hair follicles
Lens of eye

A

ectoderm

76
Q

what germ layer

Sensory epithelium
Central and peripheral nervous systems
Nasal cavity

A

ectoderm

77
Q

what germ layer

Oral glands and tooth enamel
Pituitary gland
Mammary glands

A

ectoderm

78
Q

what germ layer

Dermis
Wall of digestive tract
Kidneys and ureter

A

mesoderm

79
Q

what germ layer

Reproductive organs
Connective tissue
Skeleton

A

mesoderm

80
Q

what germ layer

Muscles
Cardiovascular system
Pleura

A

mesoderm

81
Q

what germ layer

Lymphatic tissue and cells
Spleen

A

mesoderm

82
Q

what germ layer

Respiratory tract epithelium
Epithelium (except nasal)
Lining of the digestive tract

A

endoderm

83
Q

what germ layer

Primary tissue of liver and pancreas
Urethra and associated glands
Urinary bladder
Vagina

A

endoderm

84
Q
  • begin to form at the time of implantation.
  • protect and support the embryo as it grows and develops inside the uterus
A

embryonic membranes

85
Q
  • First and outermost membrane that encircles the amnion, embryo and yolk sac
  • Develops from the trophoblast, and has many fingerlike projections called chorionic villi
A

chorion

86
Q

as the pregnancy progresses the chorionic villi will degenerate.

by which month will the surface of the chorion be smooth except at the attachment place to the uterine wall

A

4th month

87
Q
  • second membrane to form
  • Originates from the ectoderm
  • Thin protective membrane that contains amniotic fluid
  • As the embryo grows, this expands until it comes into contact with the chorion forming the bag of water
A

amnion

88
Q
  • Protect embryo against mechanical injury
  • Control the embryo’s temperature
  • Permits symmetrical external growth
  • Prevents adherence of the amnion to the embryo-fetus
  • Allows freedom of movement
A

amniotic fluid

89
Q
  • slightly alkaline
  • contains albumin, uric acid, creatinine, lecithin, sphingomyelin, bilirubin, vernix, leukocytes, epithelial cells, enzymes, and fine hair called lanugo
A

amniotic fluid

90
Q

amount of amniotic fluid at 10 weeks

A

30 ml

91
Q

amount of amniotic fluid at 20 weeks

A

350 ml

92
Q

after 20 weeks, the volume of amniotic fluid ranges from

A

700-1000 ml

93
Q

fetus swallow amniotic fluid up to ___ every 24 hours

A

600 ml

94
Q

about ___ of amniotic fluid flows out to the fetal lungs each day

A

400 ml

95
Q
  • Develops as a second cavity in the blastocyst on about day 8 or 9 after conception
  • Provides source of RBCs until the embryo’s hematopoietic system is mature
A

yolk sac

96
Q

The yolk sac ___ & remains as a thin white streak discernible in the cord at birth

A

atrophies

97
Q
  • 55 cm in length
  • 2 cm in diameter
  • contains wharton’s jelly that prevent pressure
A

umbilical cord

98
Q
  • has no sensory or motor innervations
  • can attach itself to the placenta in various sites
A

umbilical cord

99
Q

said to exist when the umbilical cord encircles the fetal neck

A

muchal cord

100
Q

It is the means of metabolic and nutrient exchange between the embryonic and maternal circulation.

A

placenta

101
Q

what is the diameter of the placenta after 20 weeks

A

15-20 cm

102
Q

what is the thickness of placenta after 20 weeks

A

2.5-3 cm

103
Q

what is the weight of placenta after 20 weeks

A

400-600 grams

104
Q

placenta portion:

consists of decidua basalis and its circulation; surface is red and flesh like.

A

maternal portion

105
Q

placenta portion:

consists of chorionic villi and their circulation, with shiny and gray appearance due to amnion

A

fetal portion

106
Q

development of the placenta begins with the ___

A

chorionic villi

107
Q

trophoblastic layers of placenta:

Functional layer of the placenta & secretes the placental hormones of pregnancy

A

syncytium (outer layer)

108
Q

trophoblastic layers of placenta:

Thins out & disappears about the 5th month, leaving only a single layer of syncytium covering the chronic villi

A

cytotrophoblast (inner layer)

109
Q

trophoblastic layer of placenta:

  • connecting mesoderm that forms anchoring villi
  • eventually forms the septa that divides the placenta into 15-20 segments
A

third layer (wala siyang name ate!)

110
Q

placental segments

A

cotyledons

111
Q

by what week does the placenta begin to function as a means of metabolic exchange

A

week 4

112
Q

by what week does the the placenta become a discrete organ

A

week 14

113
Q
  • heard over the symphysis pubis
  • timed precisely with the mother’s pulse
  • caused by the augmented blood flow entering the dilated uterine arteries
A

uterine souffle

114
Q
  • can be heard over the area of the umbilical cord
  • maternal blood spurts from the spiral uterine arteries into the intervillous spaces
A

funic souffle

115
Q

contractions are believed to facilitate placental circulation

A

braxton hicks

116
Q
  • Produces glycogen, cholesterol, & fatty acids (for fetal use and hormone production).
  • Breaks down epinephrine & histamine
  • Stores glycogen & iron
A

placenta

117
Q

placental transport:

  • moves substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
  • water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes (sodium and chloride), anesthetic gases, and drugs
  • insulin and steroid hormones (but slower rate)
A

simple diffusion

118
Q

placental transport:

  • involves a carrier system to move molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration
  • glucose, galactose, and some oxygen
A

facilitated transport

119
Q

the glucose level in the fetal blood is ___% lower than in the maternal blood

A

20-30%

120
Q

placental transport:
- can work against a concentration gradient and allow molecules to move from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
- Amino acids, calcium, iron, iodine, water-soluble vitamins, and glucose

A

active transport

121
Q

what content occur in greater concentration in fetal blood than maternal blood?

A
  • amino acids
  • calcium
  • inorganic phosphate
122
Q

important for transferring large molecules such as albumin and gamma globulin

A

pinocytosis

123
Q

The placenta produces hormones that are vital to the survival of the fetus, these include (4)

A
  • hCG
  • progesterone
  • estrogen
  • hPL
124
Q

similar to the luteinizing hormone (LH) and prevents the normal involution of the corpus luteum at the end of the menstrual cycle

A

hCG

125
Q

If the corpus luteum stops functioning before the 11th week of pregnancy, what happens?

A

spontaneous abortion

126
Q

causes the corpus luteum to secrete increased amounts of estrogen and progesterone

A

hCG

127
Q

Human chronic gonadotropin is present in maternal blood serum 8-___ days after fertilization

A

10

128
Q

After reaching the maximum level of ___ days gestation, hCG begins to decrease as placental hormone production increases.

A

50-70

129
Q

At 16 days after ovulation, ___ reaches a level between 25-50mg per day and continues to rise slowly in subsequent weeks

A

progesterone

130
Q

what week does the placenta take over the production of progesterone

A

week 10

131
Q

quantity of progesterone per day late in pregnancy, as secreted by the placenta

A

250 mg

132
Q

By 7 weeks, the placenta produces more than 50% of the ___ in the maternal circulation

A

estrogen

133
Q

The ___ assumes the function of the fetal lungs by supplying oxygen and allowing the fetus to excrete carbon dioxide into the maternal blood stream

A

placenta

134
Q

___ divides into two branches, one of which circulates a small amount of blood through the fetal liver and empties into the inferior vena cava through the hepatic vein.

A

umbilical cord

135
Q
  • second umbilical cord branch
  • empties into the fetal vena cava
A

ductus venosus

136
Q

fetal blood then enters the right atrium, passes through the ___ into the left atrium and pours into the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta

A

foramen ovale

CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT (10 decks)

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