INFANCY Flashcards by michaela gail

a period of dramatic physical changes and developmental achievements

infancy

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By the time an infant is 5 to 6 months old, their weight is expected to ___ their birth weight.

double (x2)

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By the time an infant reaches 1 year of age, their weight is expected to ___ their birth weight.

triple (x3)

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the average weight for a 1-year-old infant

9.75 kg

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the average weight for a 5- to 6-month-old infant

7.26 kg

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First 6 months: average height increase of ___ per month.

2.5 cm / 1inch

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Second 6 months: average height increase of ___ per month.

1.25 cm / 0.5 inch

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By the end of the first year: An infant’s height typically increases by ___% compared to their birth length

50%

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average infant height at 6 mos

65 cm

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average infant height at 1 year

74 cm

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during the first 3 months, the head circumference increases ___ per month

2 cm

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during the 4-5th month, the head circumference increases ___ per month

1 cm

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during the 6th month onward, the head circumference increases ___ per month

0.5 cm

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average head circumference at 6 mos

43 cm

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average head circumference at 1 year

46 cm (33% increase)

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at 12 months, there is 2 1/2 increase in ___ weight

brain

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true or false - primitive reflexes are diminished by the 12th month

true

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when do posterior fontanels close?

6-8 weeks

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when do anterior fontanels close?

12-18 mos (ave 14 mos)

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true or false - lateral diameter < AP diameter

false - lateral diameter is GREATER THAN ap diameter

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by what month does the heart double its weight?

12 mos / 1 year

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BY THE END OF THE INFANT PERIOD – the [upper / lower] jaw is prominent

lower

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THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE ___ – Is less than that of the head at birth by about 2cm

chest

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ABDOMEN - remains ___ until the child has been walking

protuberant

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___, ___, ___, ___ CURVES - develop as infant hold up their head

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

true or false - the auditory acuity of an infant is at adult level

true

- fixation of 2 ocular images into one cerebral picture - develops at 6 weeks - well established at 4 mos

binocular fixation

- ability to perceive depth or 3D space - develops at 7-9 mos

depth perception / stereopsis

___ hours after birth infant can smell accurately

1-2

Solid food is introduced as early as ___ mos

Respiratory rate slows down from 30-60 breaths/min to ___ breaths/min by the end of the first year

20-30

respi system: ___ proximal to the short bronchi

trachea

respi system: short straight ___ tube

eustachian

Heart rate: from 110-160 bpm to ___ bpm by the end of first year

100 - 120

infant heart rhythm

sinus arrythmia

___ pressure rises during the first 2 mos.

systolic

___ pressure decreases during the first 3 mos, & then gradually rises to values close to those at birth

diastolic

blood component present for the first 5 mos

fetal hemoglobin (HgbF)

true or false - physiologic anemia at 2-3 months is normal

true

majority of the digestive processes begin at ___ mos

___ is the most immature of all GI organs

liver

proper diet for 12 mos baby

3 meals a day + 1 bottle of milk at night

antibodies present in the colostrum

IgA

the immune system becomes functional at ___ mos

by 1 year, the infant's body can actively produce its own antibodies such as?

IgG and IgM

ability to adjust to cold is mature by ___ mos

has develop ___ tissue for insulation

adipose

immaturity of renal structures leads to?

dehydration

kidneys mature at the latter half of ___ year

2nd

grasping remains a reflex until ___ mos

2-3

grasping: ___ mos - hands closed ___ mos - hands open ___ mos - hand and object regard

1, 3, 4

grasping: ___ mos - voluntary grasping ___ mos - crude pincer grasp ___ mos - neat pincer grasp

5, 8-9, 10

manipulative skills: Holds bottle; grasps feet & pull them to mouth; feeds self crackers

6 mos

manipulative skills: Transfers objects: fr one hand to the other

7 mos

manipulative skills: Lets go & offers obj to others

10 mos

manipulative skills: puts & removes objects in container

11 mos

manipulative skills: Tries tower of 2 blocks but fail

12 mos

head control: ___ mos - momentarily lifts head ___ mos - hold head beyond body plane ___ mos - lifts head and chest

1, 3, 4

rolling over: ___ mos - abdomen to back ___ mos - back to abdomen

5, 6

when is parachute reflex developed?

7 mos

sitting: ___ mos - back rounded at lumbar, good head control ___ mos - sits with support ___ mos - sits without support ___ mos - prone to sitting

4, 7, 8, 10

backward crawling occurs at what months?

1-6 months

bears weight on legs with assistance

6-7 mos

what month can infants pull themselves up to stand?

9 mos

what month can infants walk while holding on?

11 mos

what month can infants walk with one hand held?

12 mos / 1 year

gender identity is developed in?

utero

___ weeks: cry, smile, & vocalize more to the mother than to anyone else

8-12

___ mos: show a distinct preference for the mother

Between ages 4-8 mos, infant progresses through the first stage of ___

separation-individuation

By ___ months, able to anticipate imminent departure by watching mother’s behaviors, & begins to protest before she leaves.

11-12

Between ___ months, fear of strangers & stranger anxiety become prominent.

6-8

Crying tends to decrease by ___ wks.

By ___ mos, make single vowel sounds such as ah, eh, uh

By ___ mos, consonants n, k, g, p, & b are added & infants coo, gurgle & laugh aloud.

3-4

By ___ mos., imitate sounds, add the consonants t, d, & w & combine syllables (e.g. “dada”)

By ___ mos., comprehend the meaning of the word “no” & obey simple commands

9-10

By age ___, can say 3-5 words with meaning.

12 mos / 1 year

___ may occur if thumb sucking persists past 4 years of age, or 6 years as indicated by some authorities, or when the permanent teeth erupt.

malocclusion

- First primary teeth to erupt - 6-8 mos

lower central incissors

Process of giving up one method of feeding for another

weaning

- a paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants younger than 3 months and is marked by loud and intense crying - caused by overfeeding or swallowing too much air while feeding

colic

prickly heat rash

milaria

as a general rule, an infant should take no more than ___ oz of formula daily