INFANCY Flashcards
a period of dramatic physical changes and developmental achievements
infancy
By the time an infant is 5 to 6 months old, their weight is expected to ___ their birth weight.
double (x2)
By the time an infant reaches 1 year of age, their weight is expected to ___ their birth weight.
triple (x3)
the average weight for a 1-year-old infant
9.75 kg
the average weight for a 5- to 6-month-old infant
7.26 kg
First 6 months: average height increase of ___ per month.
2.5 cm / 1inch
Second 6 months: average height increase of ___ per month.
1.25 cm / 0.5 inch
By the end of the first year: An infant’s height typically increases by ___% compared to their birth length
50%
average infant height at 6 mos
65 cm
average infant height at 1 year
74 cm
during the first 3 months, the head circumference increases ___ per month
2 cm
during the 4-5th month, the head circumference increases ___ per month
1 cm
during the 6th month onward, the head circumference increases ___ per month
0.5 cm
average head circumference at 6 mos
43 cm
average head circumference at 1 year
46 cm (33% increase)
at 12 months, there is 2 1/2 increase in ___ weight
brain
true or false - primitive reflexes are diminished by the 12th month
true
when do posterior fontanels close?
6-8 weeks
when do anterior fontanels close?
12-18 mos (ave 14 mos)
true or false - lateral diameter < AP diameter
false - lateral diameter is GREATER THAN ap diameter
by what month does the heart double its weight?
12 mos / 1 year
BY THE END OF THE INFANT PERIOD – the [upper / lower] jaw is prominent
lower
THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE ___ – Is less than that of the head at birth by about 2cm
chest
ABDOMEN - remains ___ until the child has been walking
protuberant
___, ___, ___, ___ CURVES - develop as infant hold up their head
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
true or false - the auditory acuity of an infant is at adult level
true
- fixation of 2 ocular images into
one cerebral picture - develops at 6 weeks
- well established at 4 mos
binocular fixation
- ability to perceive depth or 3D space
- develops at 7-9 mos
depth perception / stereopsis
___ hours after birth infant can smell accurately
1-2
Solid food is introduced as early as ___ mos
6
Respiratory rate slows down from 30-60 breaths/min to ___ breaths/min by the end of the first year
20-30
respi system:
___ proximal to the short bronchi
trachea
respi system:
short straight ___ tube
eustachian
Heart rate: from 110-160 bpm to ___ bpm by the end of first year
100 - 120
infant heart rhythm
sinus arrythmia
___ pressure rises during the first 2 mos.
systolic
___ pressure decreases during the first 3 mos, & then gradually rises to values close to those at birth
diastolic
blood component present for the first 5 mos
fetal hemoglobin (HgbF)
true or false - physiologic anemia at 2-3 months is normal
true
majority of the digestive processes begin at ___ mos
3
___ is the most immature of all GI organs
liver
proper diet for 12 mos baby
3 meals a day + 1 bottle of milk at night
antibodies present in the colostrum
IgA
the immune system becomes functional at ___ mos
2
by 1 year, the infant’s body can actively produce its own antibodies such as?
IgG and IgM
ability to adjust to cold is mature by ___ mos
6
has develop ___ tissue for insulation
adipose
immaturity of renal structures leads to?
dehydration
kidneys mature at the latter half of ___ year
2nd
grasping remains a reflex until ___ mos
2-3
grasping:
___ mos - hands closed
___ mos - hands open
___ mos - hand and object regard
1, 3, 4
grasping:
___ mos - voluntary grasping
___ mos - crude pincer grasp
___ mos - neat pincer grasp
5, 8-9, 10
manipulative skills:
Holds bottle;
grasps feet & pull
them to mouth;
feeds self
crackers
6 mos
manipulative skills:
Transfers
objects:
fr one
hand to
the other
7 mos
manipulative skills:
Lets go &
offers obj
to others
10 mos
manipulative skills:
puts &
removes
objects in
container
11 mos
manipulative skills:
Tries
tower of
2 blocks
but fail
12 mos
head control:
___ mos - momentarily lifts head
___ mos - hold head beyond body plane
___ mos - lifts head and chest
1, 3, 4
rolling over:
___ mos - abdomen to back
___ mos - back to abdomen
5, 6
when is parachute reflex developed?
7 mos
sitting:
___ mos - back rounded at lumbar, good head control
___ mos - sits with support
___ mos - sits without support
___ mos - prone to sitting
4, 7, 8, 10
backward crawling occurs at what months?
1-6 months
bears weight on legs with assistance
6-7 mos
what month can infants pull themselves up to stand?
9 mos
what month can infants walk while holding on?
11 mos
what month can infants walk with one hand held?
12 mos / 1 year
gender identity is developed in?
utero
___ weeks: cry, smile, & vocalize more to the mother than to anyone else
8-12
___ mos: show a distinct preference for the mother
6
Between ages 4-8 mos, infant progresses through the first stage of ___
separation-individuation
By ___ months, able to anticipate imminent departure by watching mother’s behaviors, & begins to protest before she leaves.
11-12
Between ___ months, fear of strangers & stranger anxiety become prominent.
6-8
Crying tends to decrease by ___ wks.
12
By ___ mos, make single vowel sounds such as ah, eh, uh
2
By ___ mos, consonants n, k, g, p, & b are added & infants
coo, gurgle & laugh aloud.
3-4
By ___ mos., imitate sounds, add the consonants t, d, & w &
combine syllables (e.g. “dada”)
6
By ___ mos., comprehend the meaning of the word “no”
& obey simple commands
9-10
By age ___, can say 3-5 words with meaning.
12 mos / 1 year
___ may occur if
thumb sucking persists past 4
years of age, or 6 years as
indicated by some authorities,
or when the permanent teeth
erupt.
malocclusion
- First primary teeth to erupt
- 6-8 mos
lower central incissors
Process of giving up one method of feeding for another
weaning
- a paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in
infants younger than 3 months and is marked by loud and
intense crying - caused by overfeeding or swallowing too much air
while feeding
colic
prickly heat rash
milaria
as a general rule, an infant should take no more than ___ oz of formula daily
32
