DISCOMFORTS IN PREGNANCY Flashcards
➢ Increased levels of HCG
➢ Changes in carbohydrate metabolism
➢ Emotional factors
➢ Fatigue
nausea and vomiting
Pressure of uterus on bladder in both first & third Trimesters
urinary frequency
➢ Specific causative factors unknown
➢ Hormonal changes – progesterone
➢ May be aggravated by nocturia due to urinary frequency
➢ Increased metabolic rate
fatigue
Increased levels of estrogen & progesterone.
breast tenderness
Hyperplasia of vaginal mucosa & increased production of mucus by the endocervical glands due to increase in estrogen levels
increased vaginal discharge / leukorrhea
elevated estrogen levels
nasal stuffiness and nosebleed / epistaxis
increased estrogen levels (skin)
palmar erythema
excessive, often bitter salivation
ptyalism
pressure of uterus on the ivc, impairing blood return
hypotension
circulatory adjustment needed to accommodate her increased blood supply
heart palpitation
abdominal pressure
abdominal discomforts
- increased progesterone = decreased GI motility
- increasing relaxation of cardiac sphincter
- displacement of stomach by enlarging uterus
- regurgitation of gastric content
heartburn / pyrosis
- increased progesterone = general bowel sluggishness
- pressure of uterus on intestine
- iron supplements
- diet, lack of exercise and decreased fluids
constipation
- imbalance of calcium-phosphorus ratio
- increased pressure of uterus on nerves
- fatigue
- poor circulation to lower extremities
leg cramps
- venous congestion on lower veins
- heredity factors
- increased age and weight gain
varicose veins
- constipation
- increased pressure from gravid uterus on hemorrhoidal veins
hemorrhoids
- increased curvature of the lumbosacral vertebrae
- increased levels of hormones, cause softening of cartilage in joints
- fatigue
- poor body mechanics
backache
decreased vital capacity from pressure of enlarging uterus on the diaphragm
dyspnea
- prolonged standing / sitting
- increased levels of sodium due to hormonal influences
- circulatory congestion of lower extre.
- increased capillary permeability
- varicose veins
ankle edema
- increased activity of mother or baby
- touching of maternal abdomen
- dehydration
- sexual intercourse
- distended maternal bladder
braxton hicks contractions
- postural hypotension
- sudden change of position causing venous pooling
- standing for long periods in warm area
- anemia
faintness
- decreased GI motility
- pressure of uterus on large intestine
- air swallowing
flatulence
- enlarged uterus
- active fetus
- urinary frequency, SOB, leg cramps
difficulty sleeping
Compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel of wrist aggravated by repetitive hand movements
carpal tunnel syndrome
- expanding blood volume = pressure on cerebral arteries
- eye strain or tension
headache
collagen and elastin stretch and snap during pregnancy due to the pressure of rapid weight gain
pregnancy stretch marks
