FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
the external female genital organs consisting of other external structure
A
vulva
2
Q
is a pad of fat lying over the symphysis pubis, covered with pubic hair from the time of puberty
A
mons pubis
3
Q
- are two folds of fat and areolar tissue, covered with skin and pubic hair on the outer surface
- protects the labia minora, urinary meatus and vagina
A
labia majora
4
Q
are two folds of the skin between the labia majora, pinkish, moist and highly vascular
A
labia minora
5
Q
erectile organ; extremely sensitive and highly vascular and plays a part in the orgasm of sexual intercourse
A
clitoris
6
Q
- oval shaped area formed between labia minora, clitoris and fourchette
- Contains external urethral meatus, vaginal introitus and Bartholin’s glands
A
vestibules
7
Q
also known as the introitus of the vagina and occupies the posterior two-thirds of the vestibule
A
vaginal orifice
8
Q
the vaginal orifice is partially closed by the ___ a thin membrane that tears during sexual intercourse or during birth of the first child
A
hymen
9
Q
are two small glands which open on either side of the vaginal orifice and lie on the posterior part of the labia majora; secrete mucus which lubricates the vaginal opening
A
bartholin’s glands
10
Q
- most posterior part of external female reproductive organ
- composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures
A
perineum
11
Q
the perineum extends from the ___ anteriorly to the ____ posteriorly
A
fourchette, anus
12
Q
- Birth canal; elastic elastic fibro-muscular tube; 8-10 cm long
- Slightly acidic (pH 4.5) that protects against infection
A
vagina
13
Q
allow the vaginal walls to stretch during intercourse and delivery lying between the ___ anteriorly and ___ posteriorly
A
bladder, rectum
14
Q
- a passage that allows the escape of the menstrual flow
- receives the penis and the ejected sperm during sexual intercourse
- provides an exit for the fetus during delivery
A
vagina
15
Q
- Known as womb; Core of reproduction
- hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ
A
uterus
16
Q
Lies in the center of the pelvic cavity between the base of the bladder, and the rectum and above the vagina
A
uterus
17
Q
Normal position of the uterus is ___ (rotated forward and slightly antiflexed (flexed forward)
A
anteverted
18
Q
what are the layers of the uterus
A
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
19
Q
uterus layer:
Outer layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus
A
perimetrium
20
Q
uterus layer:
- Middle layer of thick muscle
- bulk of the uterus
- Has 3 layers of muscle that contract under influence of oxytocin during labor
A
myometrium
21
Q
layer of the myometrium designed to expel (push) the fetus efficiently toward the pelvic outlet during birth
A
longitudinal fiber (outer layer)
22
Q
layer of the myometrium that contracts after birth to compress the blood vessels that pass between them to limit blood loss
A
middle layer
23
Q
layer of the myometrium that prevents the reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into fallopian tube
A
inner layer circular fiber
24
Q
uterus layer:
- inner layer of the uterus
- Responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month
A
endometrium
25
what happens to the uterus during mestruation
sloughs of the endometrium
26
what happens to the uterus during pregnancy
provides support and allows fetus to grow
27
what happens to the uterus during labor and birth
uterine muscles contract and cervix dilates
28
- narrow neck of the uterus
- elastic, can stretch
cervix
29
the ___ os of the cervix open into the body of the uterine cavity
internal
30
the ___ is located between the internal os and external os
cervical canal
31
the ___ os opens into the vagina
external
32
function of the cervical mucus:
- ___ vaginal canal
- act as a ___ agent
- provide an ___ environment to shelter deposited sperm from the acidic vagina
- lubricate
- bacteriostatic
- alkaline
33
- also known as uterine tube; oviducts
- transport of fertilized and unfertilized ovum to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization
fallopian tubes
34
- It supplies the fertilized ovum with the nutrition during its continued journey to the uterus
- two tubes; each tube is 10 cm long
fallopian tubes
35
where fertilization takes place
ampulla
36
site for tubal ligation
isthmus
37
- two almond shaped
- oval solid structure, each weighs 4-8 g
- located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
- production of eggs
ovaries
38
the ovaries secrete ___ and ____
estrogen and progesterone
39
support and stabilize the various reproductive organs
uterine ligaments
40
- bony structure that supports & protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs
- allow movement of the body especially walking and running
permits the body to sit and kneel
pelvis
41
bony canal through which the fetus must pass during birth. It has a brim, a cavity and an outlet
true pelvis
42
these are also known as the hip bones, composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
innominate bones
43
the hips bones fuse to form a circular cavity called the ___
acetabulum
44
broad upper prominence of the hip
ilium
45
arise near the junction of the ilium and ischium and project into the pelvic cavity
ischial spines
46
serve as reference point during labor to evaluate the descent of the fetal head into the birth canal
ischial spines
47
the margin of the ilium
iliac crest
48
the anterior terminal point of the iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
49
the anterior lower point in the iliac crest
anterior inferior iliac spine
50
the posterior terminal point of the iliac crest
posterior superior iliac crest
51
the concave anterior portion
iliac fossa
52
an imaginary line or ridge which divides the false from the true pelvis
ileopectinal line / linea terminalis
53
the strongest bone, under the ilim and below the actebulum
ischium
54
where the weight of the seated body rests
ischial tuberosity
55
serve as reference points during labor (shortest diameter of the pelvic cavity)
ischial spines
56
forms the slightly bowed front portion of the innominate bone
pubis
57
point of union of the 2 pubic bones at the anterior midline
symphysis pubis
58
the triangular shape below the junction of the symphysis pubis
pubic arch
59
If the angle formed is ___ , it is very possible that the ischial spines are too close to one another resulting in a narrow pelvic cavity
acute
60
a wedge-shaped bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.
sacrum
61
a projection into the pelvic cavity on the anterior upper portion
sacral promontory
62
small triangular bone last on the vertebral column is the ___
coccyx
63
point of coccygeal and sacral articulation
sacrococcygeal joint
64
the points of union between the sacrum and the ilum
right and left sacroiliac joints
65
during pregnancy, what hormones influence the softening and stretching of ligaments at the joints
relaxin
66
the junction of the two pubic bones which are united by a pad of cartilage
symphysis pubis
67
the strongest in the whole body; connects the sacrum to the iliac bones on each side
sacroiliac ligaments
68
between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosities; one on each side
sacrotuberous ligaments
69
between the sacrum and the ischial spines one on each side
sacrospinous ligaments
70
strengthens the symphysis pubis
interpubic ligaments
71
between the 5th sacral vertebrae and the coccyx
sacrococcygeal ligaments
72
provide structural support and connection of various tissues in and around the pelvis
pelvic ligaments
73
- designed to overcome the force of gravity exerted on the pelvic organs.
- acts as a buttress or support to the irregularly shaped pelvic outlet, thereby providing stability and support for surrounding structures
pelvic floor
74
deep fascia, the levator ani, and coccygeal muscles form the part of the pelvic floor known as the ___
pelvic diaphragm
75
Above the pelvic diaphragm is the ___; below and behind it is the ___.
pelvic cavity, perineum
76
The ___ muscle makes up the major portions of the pelvic diaphragm and consists of four muscles
levator ani
77
4 muscles of the levator ani
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
- pubovaginalis
78
a thin muscular sheet underlying the sacrospinous ligament, helps the levator ani support the pelvic organs
iliococcygeal muscle
79
- portion above the pelvic brim
- supports the weight of the enlarged pregnant uterus
- directs the presenting fetal part into the true pelvis
false pelvis
80
where the the false pelvis bounded on?
either side of the ilium
81
- portion below the pelvic brim
- made up of the sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones and represents the bony limits of the birth canal
true pelvis
82
the true pelvis consists of 3 parts:
- pelvic inlet
- pelvic cavity
- pelvic outlet
83
upper border of the true pelvis and is typically rounded
pelvic inlet
84
extends from the subpubic angle to the middle of the sacral promontory
diagonal conjugate
85
considered the shortest anteroposterior diameter through which the head must pass descending to the pelvic inlet
obstetric conjugate
86
extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to an area approximately 1cm below the crest
obstetric conjugate
87
how to get the length of the obstetric conjugate
subtract 1.5cm from the length of the diagonal conjugate
88
the size of this diameter determines whether the fetus can move down into the birth canal in order for engagement to occur
obstetric conjugate
89
extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to the middle of the pubic crest (superior surface of the symphysis)
true conjugate / conjugate vera
90
- represents the greatest distance between the linea terminalis on either side
- largest diameter of the inlet and is measured by using the linea terminalis as the point of reference
transverse diameter
91
typical size of the diagonal conjugate
12.5 cm
92
typical size of the obstetric conjugate
10.5-11 cm
93
typical size of the true conjugate
11 cm
94
typical size of the transverse diameter
13.5 cm
95
measured from the sacroiliac joints to the ileopectineal eminence of the left and right hand sides of the pelvis
oblique diameters
96
the right and left oblique diameters typically measure ___
12.5 cm
97
a curved canal with a longer posterior than anterior wall
pelvic cavity
98
A change in the ___ can increase the tilt of the pelvis and can influence the progress of labor
lumbar curve
99
- situated at the lower border of the true pelvis
- size can be determined through the assessment of the transverse diameter
pelvic outlet
100
interspinous diameter typically measures
10.5 cm
101
what do you call the phenomenon where the pubic arch narrows and the baby's head is pushed backward toward the coccyx
outlet dystocia
102
- most common and normal female pelvis
- inlet is rounded, with the AP diameter a little shorter than the transverse diameter
- wide and round pubic arch
gynecoid pelvis
103
- has non prominent ischial spines, straight and parallel side walls, and a wide, deep, sacral curve
- sacrum is short and slopes backward
gynecoid pelvis
104
- resembles a male pelvis
- inlet is heart shaped
- not favorable for labor and birth
android pelvis
105
- the posterior sagittal diameters are too short, and the anterior sagittal diameter is long
- sacral promontory is indented, anterior segment is narrow, the forepelvis is sharply angled
android pelvis
106
- inlet is oval
- long AP diameter, short T diameter
- adequate outlet narrow pubic arch
anthropoid pelvis
107
- posteriori and anterior sagittal diameters are extremely long
- variable ischial spines, straight side walls, and a narrow and long sacrum
outlet has a normal or moderately narrow pubic arch
anthropoid pelvis
108
- flat female pelvis
- inlet is a distinctly transverse oval
- wide T diameter, short AP diameter
platypelloid pelvis
109
- outlet has an extremely wide pubic arch
- short posterior and anterior sagittal diameters
- has variable ischial spines, parallel side walls, a wide sacrum with a deep curve inward
platypelloid pelvis
110
- contributes to femaleness
- controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
111
what are the 3 classical estrogens
- estrone
- b-estradiol
- estriol
112
- assist in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and cause endometrial proliferation
- amount is greatest in the proliferative phase
estrogen
113
- inhibit FSH and stimulate LH production
- myometrial contractility increases in both uterus and fallopian tubes increases
- uterine sensitivity to oxytocin increases
estrogen
114
- secreted by the corpus luteum
- found greatest during the secretory phase
- decreases uterine motility and contractility caused by estrogens
progesterone
115
- causes the endometrium to further increase its supply of nutrients
- hormone of pregnancy
- prepares the breast for lactation
progesterone
116
- Oxygenated fatty acids that are produced by the cells of the endometrium
- Critical to the rupture of the graafian follicle, thereby releasing the mature egg cell
prostaglandins
117
prostaglandin type:
relaxes smooth muscles & potent vasodilator
PGE
118
potent vasoconstrictor; increases muscular and arterial contractility
PGF
119
cycle where ovulation occurs
ovarian cycle
120
cycle where menstruation occurs
uterine cycle
121
2 phases of the ovarian cycle
- follicular
- luteal
122
ovarian cycle:
- day 1-14
- primordial follicle matures under influence of FSH and LH up to the time of ovulation
follicular
123
ovarian cycle:
- day 15-28
- ovum leaves follicle
- corpus luteum develops under LH influence and produces high levels of progesterone and low levels of estrogen
luteal
124
ovarian cycle:
- immature follicle matures as a result of FSH
- mature graafian follicle appears on the 14th day
follicular
125
just before ovulation the mature oocyte completes its first meiotic division yielding a polar body and a secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
126
ovarian cycle:
- graafian follicle matures and enlarges
- ovum is discharged near the fibria of the fallopian tube
- temp increases about 0.3-0.6 24-48 hours after ovulation
follicular phase
127
ovarian cycle:
- begins when the ovum leaves its follicle
- corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle
- if the ovum is fertilized and implants, the egg begins to secrete hCG
luteal phase
128
ovarian cycle:
- if fertilization does not occur within a week, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate into corpus albicans
luteal phase
129
- hormone produced primarily by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy
- stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin
130
ovarian cycle:
The ___ secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the ___ in response to signals received from the central nervous system
hypothalamus,
pituitary gland
131
what are the hormones release by the pituitary gland
LH and FSH
132
FSH or LH:
- primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle
- as the follicle matures, it secretes estrogen which enhance the development of the follicle
FSH
133
FSH or LH:
- stimulates the release of prostaglandin
- they are involves in the processes of oocyte maturation
- ovulation takes place following the very rapid growth of the follicle
LH
134
during ovulation the FSH ___ and the LH ___
decreases,
increases
135
the corpus luteum secretes significant amounts of ___ that regulates the implantation
inhibin A
136
after the corpus luteum degenerates and the production of progesterone and estrogen is diminished, what happens?
FSH and LH is produced
137
a cyclic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes
menstruation
138
composed of blood mixed with fluid, cervical and vaginal secretion, bacteria, mucus, leukocytes, and other cellular debris
menses
139
average length of the menstrual cycle
28 days (+5 / -5)
140
average length of menses
4-6 days
141
age of onset of menstruation
11-13 days
142
average blood loss during menses
30-50 ml
143
average loss of iron during menses
0.5-1 mg daily
144
characteristics of menstrual discharge
- dark reddish color
- musty odor
- mixture of secretions of vulva sebaceous gland
145
menstrual cycle:
- day 1-7
- estrogen levels are low, cervical mucus is scant, viscous and opaque
menstrual phase
146
menstrual cycle:
- day 8-14
- estrogen peaks just prior to ovulation, cervical mucus at ovulation is clear, thin, watery, alkaline, and more favorable to sperm
- shows ferning pattern; and has spinnbarkeit greater than 5cm
- Just before ovulation, body temperature may drop slightly, then at ovulation body temperature rises sharply and remains elevated under influence of progesterone
proliferative phase
147
menstrual cycle:
- day 15-26
- estrogen drops sharply, and progesterone dominates
- endometrium becomes corkscrew or twisted in appearance
- lining takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet
secretory phase
148
menstrual cycle:
- day 27-28
- both estrogen and progesterone levels drop
- no fertilization = corpus luteum begins to regress
- endometrium degenerates
ischemic phase
149
before ovulation the basal temp is often less than ___
37 C
150
after ovulation, BBT ___
increases
151
during ovulation, cervical mucus is thin and clear known as ___
spinnbarkeit
152
some women feel localized abd pain during ovulation called ___
mittelschmerz
153
during first half of the cycle:
- cervical mucus:
- sperm survival:
- thick and scant
- poor
154
at the time of ovulation:
- cervical mucus:
- sperm survival:
- thin and copious
- excellent
155
during second half of the cycle:
- cervical mucus:
- sperm survival:
- thick and scant
- poor
156
- a test where cervical mucus may or may not form fern-like patterns depending on the dominating hormone
- estrogen - presence of fern-pattern
- progesterone - no fern-pattern
fern test
157
- testing the stretchability of cervical mucus
- estrogen - thin and watery
- progesterone - thick and viscous
spinnbarkeit test
