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CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT > FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the external female genital organs consisting of other external structure

A

vulva

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2
Q

is a pad of fat lying over the symphysis pubis, covered with pubic hair from the time of puberty

A

mons pubis

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3
Q
  • are two folds of fat and areolar tissue, covered with skin and pubic hair on the outer surface
  • protects the labia minora, urinary meatus and vagina
A

labia majora

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4
Q

are two folds of the skin between the labia majora, pinkish, moist and highly vascular

A

labia minora

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5
Q

erectile organ; extremely sensitive and highly vascular and plays a part in the orgasm of sexual intercourse

A

clitoris

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6
Q
  • oval shaped area formed between labia minora, clitoris and fourchette
  • Contains external urethral meatus, vaginal introitus and Bartholin’s glands
A

vestibules

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7
Q

also known as the introitus of the vagina and occupies the posterior two-thirds of the vestibule

A

vaginal orifice

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8
Q

the vaginal orifice is partially closed by the ___ a thin membrane that tears during sexual intercourse or during birth of the first child

A

hymen

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9
Q

are two small glands which open on either side of the vaginal orifice and lie on the posterior part of the labia majora; secrete mucus which lubricates the vaginal opening

A

bartholin’s glands

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10
Q
  • most posterior part of external female reproductive organ
  • composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures
A

perineum

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11
Q

the perineum extends from the ___ anteriorly to the ____ posteriorly

A

fourchette, anus

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12
Q
  • Birth canal; elastic elastic fibro-muscular tube; 8-10 cm long
  • Slightly acidic (pH 4.5) that protects against infection
A

vagina

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13
Q

allow the vaginal walls to stretch during intercourse and delivery lying between the ___ anteriorly and ___ posteriorly

A

bladder, rectum

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14
Q
  • a passage that allows the escape of the menstrual flow
  • receives the penis and the ejected sperm during sexual intercourse
  • provides an exit for the fetus during delivery
A

vagina

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15
Q
  • Known as womb; Core of reproduction
  • hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ
A

uterus

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16
Q

Lies in the center of the pelvic cavity between the base of the bladder, and the rectum and above the vagina

A

uterus

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17
Q

Normal position of the uterus is ___ (rotated forward and slightly antiflexed (flexed forward)

A

anteverted

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18
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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19
Q

uterus layer:

Outer layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus

A

perimetrium

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20
Q

uterus layer:

  • Middle layer of thick muscle
  • bulk of the uterus
  • Has 3 layers of muscle that contract under influence of oxytocin during labor
A

myometrium

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21
Q

layer of the myometrium designed to expel (push) the fetus efficiently toward the pelvic outlet during birth

A

longitudinal fiber (outer layer)

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22
Q

layer of the myometrium that contracts after birth to compress the blood vessels that pass between them to limit blood loss

A

middle layer

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23
Q

layer of the myometrium that prevents the reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into fallopian tube

A

inner layer circular fiber

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24
Q

uterus layer:

  • inner layer of the uterus
  • Responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month
A

endometrium

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25
Q

what happens to the uterus during mestruation

A

sloughs of the endometrium

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26
Q

what happens to the uterus during pregnancy

A

provides support and allows fetus to grow

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27
Q

what happens to the uterus during labor and birth

A

uterine muscles contract and cervix dilates

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28
Q
  • narrow neck of the uterus
  • elastic, can stretch
A

cervix

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29
Q

the ___ os of the cervix open into the body of the uterine cavity

A

internal

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30
Q

the ___ is located between the internal os and external os

A

cervical canal

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31
Q

the ___ os opens into the vagina

A

external

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32
Q

function of the cervical mucus:

  • ___ vaginal canal
  • act as a ___ agent
  • provide an ___ environment to shelter deposited sperm from the acidic vagina
A
  • lubricate
  • bacteriostatic
  • alkaline
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33
Q
  • also known as uterine tube; oviducts
  • transport of fertilized and unfertilized ovum to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization
A

fallopian tubes

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34
Q
  • It supplies the fertilized ovum with the nutrition during its continued journey to the uterus
  • two tubes; each tube is 10 cm long
A

fallopian tubes

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35
Q

where fertilization takes place

A

ampulla

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36
Q

site for tubal ligation

A

isthmus

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37
Q
  • two almond shaped
  • oval solid structure, each weighs 4-8 g
  • located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
  • production of eggs
A

ovaries

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38
Q

the ovaries secrete ___ and ____

A

estrogen and progesterone

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39
Q

support and stabilize the various reproductive organs

A

uterine ligaments

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40
Q
  • bony structure that supports & protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs
  • allow movement of the body especially walking and running
    permits the body to sit and kneel
A

pelvis

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41
Q

bony canal through which the fetus must pass during birth. It has a brim, a cavity and an outlet

A

true pelvis

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42
Q

these are also known as the hip bones, composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

A

innominate bones

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43
Q

the hips bones fuse to form a circular cavity called the ___

A

acetabulum

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44
Q

broad upper prominence of the hip

A

ilium

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45
Q

arise near the junction of the ilium and ischium and project into the pelvic cavity

A

ischial spines

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46
Q

serve as reference point during labor to evaluate the descent of the fetal head into the birth canal

A

ischial spines

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47
Q

the margin of the ilium

A

iliac crest

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48
Q

the anterior terminal point of the iliac crest

A

anterior superior iliac spine

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49
Q

the anterior lower point in the iliac crest

A

anterior inferior iliac spine

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50
Q

the posterior terminal point of the iliac crest

A

posterior superior iliac crest

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51
Q

the concave anterior portion

A

iliac fossa

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52
Q

an imaginary line or ridge which divides the false from the true pelvis

A

ileopectinal line / linea terminalis

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53
Q

the strongest bone, under the ilim and below the actebulum

A

ischium

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54
Q

where the weight of the seated body rests

A

ischial tuberosity

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55
Q

serve as reference points during labor (shortest diameter of the pelvic cavity)

A

ischial spines

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56
Q

forms the slightly bowed front portion of the innominate bone

A

pubis

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57
Q

point of union of the 2 pubic bones at the anterior midline

A

symphysis pubis

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58
Q

the triangular shape below the junction of the symphysis pubis

A

pubic arch

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59
Q

If the angle formed is ___ , it is very possible that the ischial spines are too close to one another resulting in a narrow pelvic cavity

A

acute

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60
Q

a wedge-shaped bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.

A

sacrum

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61
Q

a projection into the pelvic cavity on the anterior upper portion

A

sacral promontory

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62
Q

small triangular bone last on the vertebral column is the ___

A

coccyx

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63
Q

point of coccygeal and sacral articulation

A

sacrococcygeal joint

64
Q

the points of union between the sacrum and the ilum

A

right and left sacroiliac joints

65
Q

during pregnancy, what hormones influence the softening and stretching of ligaments at the joints

A

relaxin

66
Q

the junction of the two pubic bones which are united by a pad of cartilage

A

symphysis pubis

67
Q

the strongest in the whole body; connects the sacrum to the iliac bones on each side

A

sacroiliac ligaments

68
Q

between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosities; one on each side

A

sacrotuberous ligaments

69
Q

between the sacrum and the ischial spines one on each side

A

sacrospinous ligaments

70
Q

strengthens the symphysis pubis

A

interpubic ligaments

71
Q

between the 5th sacral vertebrae and the coccyx

A

sacrococcygeal ligaments

72
Q

provide structural support and connection of various tissues in and around the pelvis

A

pelvic ligaments

73
Q
  • designed to overcome the force of gravity exerted on the pelvic organs.
  • acts as a buttress or support to the irregularly shaped pelvic outlet, thereby providing stability and support for surrounding structures
A

pelvic floor

74
Q

deep fascia, the levator ani, and coccygeal muscles form the part of the pelvic floor known as the ___

A

pelvic diaphragm

75
Q

Above the pelvic diaphragm is the ___; below and behind it is the ___.

A

pelvic cavity, perineum

76
Q

The ___ muscle makes up the major portions of the pelvic diaphragm and consists of four muscles

A

levator ani

77
Q

4 muscles of the levator ani

A
  • iliococcygeus
  • pubococcygeus
  • puborectalis
  • pubovaginalis
78
Q

a thin muscular sheet underlying the sacrospinous ligament, helps the levator ani support the pelvic organs

A

iliococcygeal muscle

79
Q
  • portion above the pelvic brim
  • supports the weight of the enlarged pregnant uterus
  • directs the presenting fetal part into the true pelvis
A

false pelvis

80
Q

where the the false pelvis bounded on?

A

either side of the ilium

81
Q
  • portion below the pelvic brim
  • made up of the sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones and represents the bony limits of the birth canal
A

true pelvis

82
Q

the true pelvis consists of 3 parts:

A
  • pelvic inlet
  • pelvic cavity
  • pelvic outlet
83
Q

upper border of the true pelvis and is typically rounded

A

pelvic inlet

84
Q

extends from the subpubic angle to the middle of the sacral promontory

A

diagonal conjugate

85
Q

considered the shortest anteroposterior diameter through which the head must pass descending to the pelvic inlet

A

obstetric conjugate

86
Q

extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to an area approximately 1cm below the crest

A

obstetric conjugate

87
Q

how to get the length of the obstetric conjugate

A

subtract 1.5cm from the length of the diagonal conjugate

88
Q

the size of this diameter determines whether the fetus can move down into the birth canal in order for engagement to occur

A

obstetric conjugate

89
Q

extends from the middle of the sacral promontory to the middle of the pubic crest (superior surface of the symphysis)

A

true conjugate / conjugate vera

90
Q
  • represents the greatest distance between the linea terminalis on either side
  • largest diameter of the inlet and is measured by using the linea terminalis as the point of reference
A

transverse diameter

91
Q

typical size of the diagonal conjugate

A

12.5 cm

92
Q

typical size of the obstetric conjugate

A

10.5-11 cm

93
Q

typical size of the true conjugate

A

11 cm

94
Q

typical size of the transverse diameter

A

13.5 cm

95
Q

measured from the sacroiliac joints to the ileopectineal eminence of the left and right hand sides of the pelvis

A

oblique diameters

96
Q

the right and left oblique diameters typically measure ___

A

12.5 cm

97
Q

a curved canal with a longer posterior than anterior wall

A

pelvic cavity

98
Q

A change in the ___ can increase the tilt of the pelvis and can influence the progress of labor

A

lumbar curve

99
Q
  • situated at the lower border of the true pelvis
  • size can be determined through the assessment of the transverse diameter
A

pelvic outlet

100
Q

interspinous diameter typically measures

A

10.5 cm

101
Q

what do you call the phenomenon where the pubic arch narrows and the baby’s head is pushed backward toward the coccyx

A

outlet dystocia

102
Q
  • most common and normal female pelvis
  • inlet is rounded, with the AP diameter a little shorter than the transverse diameter
  • wide and round pubic arch
A

gynecoid pelvis

103
Q
  • has non prominent ischial spines, straight and parallel side walls, and a wide, deep, sacral curve
  • sacrum is short and slopes backward
A

gynecoid pelvis

104
Q
  • resembles a male pelvis
  • inlet is heart shaped
  • not favorable for labor and birth
A

android pelvis

105
Q
  • the posterior sagittal diameters are too short, and the anterior sagittal diameter is long
  • sacral promontory is indented, anterior segment is narrow, the forepelvis is sharply angled
A

android pelvis

106
Q
  • inlet is oval
  • long AP diameter, short T diameter
  • adequate outlet narrow pubic arch
A

anthropoid pelvis

107
Q
  • posteriori and anterior sagittal diameters are extremely long
  • variable ischial spines, straight side walls, and a narrow and long sacrum
    outlet has a normal or moderately narrow pubic arch
A

anthropoid pelvis

108
Q
  • flat female pelvis
  • inlet is a distinctly transverse oval
  • wide T diameter, short AP diameter
A

platypelloid pelvis

109
Q
  • outlet has an extremely wide pubic arch
  • short posterior and anterior sagittal diameters
  • has variable ischial spines, parallel side walls, a wide sacrum with a deep curve inward
A

platypelloid pelvis

110
Q
  • contributes to femaleness
  • controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics
A

estrogen

111
Q

what are the 3 classical estrogens

A
  • estrone
  • b-estradiol
  • estriol
112
Q
  • assist in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and cause endometrial proliferation
  • amount is greatest in the proliferative phase
A

estrogen

113
Q
  • inhibit FSH and stimulate LH production
  • myometrial contractility increases in both uterus and fallopian tubes increases
  • uterine sensitivity to oxytocin increases
A

estrogen

114
Q
  • secreted by the corpus luteum
  • found greatest during the secretory phase
  • decreases uterine motility and contractility caused by estrogens
A

progesterone

115
Q
  • causes the endometrium to further increase its supply of nutrients
  • hormone of pregnancy
  • prepares the breast for lactation
A

progesterone

116
Q
  • Oxygenated fatty acids that are produced by the cells of the endometrium
  • Critical to the rupture of the graafian follicle, thereby releasing the mature egg cell
A

prostaglandins

117
Q

prostaglandin type:

relaxes smooth muscles & potent vasodilator

A

PGE

118
Q

potent vasoconstrictor; increases muscular and arterial contractility

A

PGF

119
Q

cycle where ovulation occurs

A

ovarian cycle

120
Q

cycle where menstruation occurs

A

uterine cycle

121
Q

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular
  • luteal
122
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • day 1-14
  • primordial follicle matures under influence of FSH and LH up to the time of ovulation
A

follicular

123
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • day 15-28
  • ovum leaves follicle
  • corpus luteum develops under LH influence and produces high levels of progesterone and low levels of estrogen
A

luteal

124
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • immature follicle matures as a result of FSH
  • mature graafian follicle appears on the 14th day
A

follicular

125
Q

just before ovulation the mature oocyte completes its first meiotic division yielding a polar body and a secondary oocyte

A

zona pellucida

126
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • graafian follicle matures and enlarges
  • ovum is discharged near the fibria of the fallopian tube
  • temp increases about 0.3-0.6 24-48 hours after ovulation
A

follicular phase

127
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • begins when the ovum leaves its follicle
  • corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle
  • if the ovum is fertilized and implants, the egg begins to secrete hCG
A

luteal phase

128
Q

ovarian cycle:

  • if fertilization does not occur within a week, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate into corpus albicans
A

luteal phase

129
Q
  • hormone produced primarily by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy
  • stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

130
Q

ovarian cycle:

The ___ secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the ___ in response to signals received from the central nervous system

A

hypothalamus,
pituitary gland

131
Q

what are the hormones release by the pituitary gland

A

LH and FSH

132
Q

FSH or LH:

  • primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle
  • as the follicle matures, it secretes estrogen which enhance the development of the follicle
A

FSH

133
Q

FSH or LH:

  • stimulates the release of prostaglandin
  • they are involves in the processes of oocyte maturation
  • ovulation takes place following the very rapid growth of the follicle
A

LH

134
Q

during ovulation the FSH ___ and the LH ___

A

decreases,
increases

135
Q

the corpus luteum secretes significant amounts of ___ that regulates the implantation

A

inhibin A

136
Q

after the corpus luteum degenerates and the production of progesterone and estrogen is diminished, what happens?

A

FSH and LH is produced

137
Q

a cyclic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes

A

menstruation

138
Q

composed of blood mixed with fluid, cervical and vaginal secretion, bacteria, mucus, leukocytes, and other cellular debris

A

menses

139
Q

average length of the menstrual cycle

A

28 days (+5 / -5)

140
Q

average length of menses

A

4-6 days

141
Q

age of onset of menstruation

A

11-13 days

142
Q

average blood loss during menses

A

30-50 ml

143
Q

average loss of iron during menses

A

0.5-1 mg daily

144
Q

characteristics of menstrual discharge

A
  • dark reddish color
  • musty odor
  • mixture of secretions of vulva sebaceous gland
145
Q

menstrual cycle:

  • day 1-7
  • estrogen levels are low, cervical mucus is scant, viscous and opaque
A

menstrual phase

146
Q

menstrual cycle:

  • day 8-14
  • estrogen peaks just prior to ovulation, cervical mucus at ovulation is clear, thin, watery, alkaline, and more favorable to sperm
  • shows ferning pattern; and has spinnbarkeit greater than 5cm
  • Just before ovulation, body temperature may drop slightly, then at ovulation body temperature rises sharply and remains elevated under influence of progesterone
A

proliferative phase

147
Q

menstrual cycle:

  • day 15-26
  • estrogen drops sharply, and progesterone dominates
  • endometrium becomes corkscrew or twisted in appearance
  • lining takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet
A

secretory phase

148
Q

menstrual cycle:

  • day 27-28
  • both estrogen and progesterone levels drop
  • no fertilization = corpus luteum begins to regress
  • endometrium degenerates
A

ischemic phase

149
Q

before ovulation the basal temp is often less than ___

A

37 C

150
Q

after ovulation, BBT ___

A

increases

151
Q

during ovulation, cervical mucus is thin and clear known as ___

A

spinnbarkeit

152
Q

some women feel localized abd pain during ovulation called ___

A

mittelschmerz

153
Q

during first half of the cycle:

  • cervical mucus:
  • sperm survival:
A
  • thick and scant
  • poor
154
Q

at the time of ovulation:

  • cervical mucus:
  • sperm survival:
A
  • thin and copious
  • excellent
155
Q

during second half of the cycle:

  • cervical mucus:
  • sperm survival:
A
  • thick and scant
  • poor
156
Q
  • a test where cervical mucus may or may not form fern-like patterns depending on the dominating hormone
  • estrogen - presence of fern-pattern
  • progesterone - no fern-pattern
A

fern test

157
Q
  • testing the stretchability of cervical mucus
  • estrogen - thin and watery
  • progesterone - thick and viscous
A

spinnbarkeit test

CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT (14 decks)

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