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CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT > NORMAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY > Flashcards

NORMAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY Flashcards

1
Q

acceptance of pregnancy

A

ambivalence

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2
Q

mood swings, changes in body image

A

introversion

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3
Q

what trimester?

anxiety, fears, signs and symptoms

A

1st trimester

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4
Q

what trimester?

self-conscious on weight gain, can husband support? overwhelming changes

A

2nd trimester

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5
Q

what trimester?

anxiety on labor and delivery, after giving birth?

A

3rd trimester

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6
Q

seeking of commitment and acceptance of self as mother to the infant

A

binding in

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7
Q

subjective signs of pregnancy

A

presumptive

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8
Q

objective sings of pregnancy

A

probable

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9
Q

diagnostic signs of pregnancy

A

positive

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10
Q

true or false: presumptive signs are definite in that they indicate a baby is growing in the uterus

A

false - they are NOT definitive

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11
Q

absence of menses, is the earliest symptom of pregnancy

A

amenorrhea

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12
Q

A narrow, brown line may form, running from the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis and separating the abdomen into right and left hemispheres

A

linea nigra

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13
Q

a skin condition characterized by brown or blue-gray patches or freckle-like spots

A

melasma

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14
Q

main cause of melasma during pregnancy

A

excess estrogen and progesterone

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15
Q
  • stretch marks in pregnancy
  • are primarily due to the rapid rate at which the skin is being stretched, combined with the influence of hormones
A

striae gravidarum

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16
Q

mothers perception of fetal movement

A

quickening

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17
Q

when does quickening usually occur

A

18-20 weeks after LMP;
16 weeks for multigravida

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18
Q

flexing of the body of the uterus against the cervix

A

mcdonald’s sign

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19
Q

A soft blowing murmur heard in auscultating a pregnant uterus. It is caused by the increased vascularity of pregnancy

A

uterine souffle

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20
Q
  • prodromal or false labor pains,
  • contractions of the uterus that typically are not felt until the second or third trimester of the pregnancy
A

braxton hicks contracttions

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21
Q

true or false: BH contractions feel like mild mestrual cramps

A

true

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22
Q

passive fetal movement when the examiner inserts two gloved fingers into the vagina and pushes against the cervix

A

ballotement

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23
Q

softening and compressibility of the lower segment of the uterus; 6 weeks AOG

A

hegar’s sign

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24
Q

softening of the cervix

A

goodell’s sign

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25
Q

cervix and vaginal mucosa becomes violet-bluish color

A

chadwick’s sign

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26
Q

when can fetal heart tone be heard?

A

10-12 weeks

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27
Q

fetal movement can be felt when?

A

20th week

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28
Q

during UTZ the parts and movement of fetus can be detected when?

A

8 weeks

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29
Q
  • earliest structure seen during pregnancy (2-3 weeks after conception / 4-5 weeks gestation age)
  • a fluid-filled structure surrounding an embryo during the first few weeks of embryonic development
A

gestational sac

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30
Q

Uterine growth is stimulated by high levels of ___ and ___

A

estrogen and progesterone

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31
Q

uterine growth:

___ becomes thicker, richer and more vascular

A

dedicua

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32
Q

uterine growth:

Hyper___ and hyper___ of uterine muscle fibers

A

-trophy and -plasia (increase in cell number and size)

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33
Q

during the 1st trimester, the uterus is in the ___

A

pelvic cavity

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34
Q

during the 2nd-3rd trimester the uterus is in the ___

A

abdominal cavity

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35
Q

Uterus changes to a ___ shape in early pregnancy to accommodate increasing amounts of fluid and fetal tissue

A

globular

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36
Q

uterus weight increases from 50 to ___

A

1000 g

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37
Q

uterus:

Length increases from 6.5 to ___; Depth increases from 2.5 to ___; Width expands from 4 to ___

A

32 cm
22 cm
24 cm

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38
Q

uterine wall during early pregnancy thickens to

A

1cm to 2 cm

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39
Q

uterine wall by the end of pregnancy becomes ___ at about ___ thick

A

thinner; 0.5 cm

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40
Q

Uterine volume increases from 2 mL to more than ___ and can hold a ___ fetus plus ___ of amniotic fluid

A

1 liter
7 lbs
1 liter

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41
Q

Between 38-40 weeks, fundal height drops as the fetus begins to descend and engage in the pelvis known as

A

lightening

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42
Q

After ___ of pregnancy, uterine contractions can be felt through abdominal wall known as Braxton Hick Sign (Contractions)

A

4 months

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43
Q

braxton hicks facilitates ___ and promote ___ delivery to the fetus

A

uterine blood flow
oxygen

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44
Q

true or false: Blood flow decreases rapidly as uterine size increases

A

false: it increases

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45
Q

mucus plug that acts to seal out bacteria

A

operculum

46
Q

white mucoid discharge due to cervical stimulation by estrogen and progesterone

A

leukorrhea

47
Q

Vaginal pH is more acidic due to increased ___

A

lactic acid

48
Q

during pregnancy the ovaries stop production of ___

A

ova

49
Q

Hypertrophy of sebaceous glands called ___ around nipples

A

montgomery tubercles

50
Q

___ is inhibited until decrease of estrogen occurs after birth

A

lactation

51
Q

creamy, white-to-yellowish premilk-fluid maybe expressed as early as 16 weeks AOG

A

colostrum

52
Q

true or false: colostrum may leak or be expressed from the breasts during the last trimester

A

true

53
Q
  • the “mask of pregnancy”
  • these increases in pigmentation are caused by melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary
A

facial chloasma

54
Q

pink or reddish streaks appearing on the sides of the abdominal wall and sometimes on the thigh

A

striae gravidarum

55
Q

swollen veins that are visible just under the surface of the skin

A

spider veins / telangiectases

56
Q

abdominis muscle separate and stretched

A

diastasis

57
Q

Vascular spiders or telangiectases result from the increase level of ___

A

estrogen

58
Q

spider veins commonly appear on the ___ because they have to work against gravity and are a great distance from the heart

A

legs

59
Q

during pregnancy Blood volume increases by approximately ___

A

1500 ml

60
Q
  • occurs as a result of hemodilution of the blood
  • there is a 45%-50% increase in blood volume expansion (75% plasma and 25% RBCs)
A

physiologic anemia

61
Q

During pregnancy, a woman’s blood ___ more easilyto lessen blood loss during labor and delivery

A

clots

62
Q

true or false: Increase in blood volume during pregnancy is a protective mechanism

A

true

63
Q

increased cardiac output by ___

A

25-50%

64
Q

increased cardiac work would happen during the ___

A

2nd trimester

65
Q

pulse rate increases ___ bpm

A

10-15

66
Q

impaired blood flow to lower extremities during ___

A

3rd trimester

67
Q

blood pressure ___ during 2nd trimester but ___ near delivery

A

decreases
increases

68
Q

true or false: blood hypercoagulates up to 50% during pregnancy

A

true

69
Q

true or false: there is slight decrease of WBC

A

false - increase

70
Q

total protein of blood ___

A

decreases

71
Q

true or false: the subcostalnangle and ap diameter increases

A

true

72
Q

chest circumference increases up to ___

A

6 cm

73
Q

tidal volume increased to ___;
residual volume decreased to ___

A

40%
20%

74
Q

what kind of breathing does pregnant women do?

A

abdominal to thoracic breathing

75
Q

pyrosis means

A

heartburn

76
Q

___ gastric emptying / peristalsis

A

decreased

77
Q

excessive flow of saliva

A

hyptertyalism

78
Q

true or false: gums may soften and bleed easily

A

true

79
Q

true or false: there is increased tendency to form kidney stones

A

false - gallstones

80
Q

total body water increases to ___

A

7.5 Liter

81
Q

by the 2nd trimester, both the GFR and the renal plasma flow have increased by ___

A

30-50%

82
Q

urinary frequency happens during

A

1st and 3rd trimester

83
Q

bladder capacity increases to ___

A

1500 ml

84
Q

pride of pregnancy

A

waddling gait and lordosis

85
Q

separation of the rectus abdominis muscle

A

diastasis recti

86
Q

wide separation of symphysis pubis ___

A

3-4 mm

87
Q

average weight gain on 1st trimester?

A

3.5-5 lbs

88
Q

average weight gain on the 2nd and 3rd trimester

A

12-15 lbs

89
Q

weight gain throughout the whole pregnancy goes up to

A

23-35 lbs / 11-15 kg

90
Q

Increased water retention, intracapillary pressure & permeability

A

water metabolism

91
Q

Increased protein & fat demands and CHO

A

nutrient metabolism

92
Q

placenta

Stimulates uterine development; helps develop the ductal system of the breast for lactation

A

estrogen

93
Q

placenta

Maintains endometrium, inhibits uterine contractility & aids in the development of the breasts for lactation

A

progesterone

94
Q

placenta

inhibits uterine activity & soften cervix & collagen in joints

A

relaxin

95
Q

placenta

antagonist to insulin

A

human placental lactogen

96
Q

placenta

Affects smooth muscle contractility

A

prostaglandin

97
Q

adrenals

Regulates carbohydrate & protein metabolism

A

increase cortisol

98
Q

adrenals

Protective response to increased sodium excretion

A

increased aldosterone

99
Q

thyroid and parathyroid gland

  • Increased basal metabolism
    rate by 20%
  • Increased oxygen consumption
A

slight enlargement
increased thyroid hormone production

100
Q

pancreas

signs of gestational diabetes

A

increased insulin needs

101
Q

pituitary gland

  • anovulation
  • breast prepared for lactation
  • increased BP
  • letdown reflex
A
  • FSH and LH decreased
    -prolactin increased
  • secrete vasopressin
  • secretes oxytocin
102
Q

danger sign of:

Miscarriage, abruptio placenta, placenta previa

A

vaginal bleeding

103
Q

danger sign of:

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

persistent vomitting

104
Q

danger sign of:

Intrauterine infection,
gastroenteritis

A

chills and fever (>38 C)

105
Q

danger sign of:

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)

A

sudden gush/escape of fluid from vagina

106
Q

danger sign of:

Ectopic pregnancy, premature labor, abruptio placenta, Appendicitis, ulcer, pancreatitis

A

abdominal pain

107
Q

danger sign of:

Pulmonary embolus

A

chest pain / SOB

108
Q

danger sign of:

Gestational hypertension, mild & severe preeclampsia

A

dizziness, blurring of vision, flashes of light, headache, edema of face and hands, oliguria

109
Q

danger sign of:

Eclampsia

A

muscular irritability, seizure

110
Q

danger sign of:

fetal distress

A

increase/decrease fetal movement

111
Q

danger sign of:

UTI

A

dysuria

112
Q

danger sign of:

preterm labor

A

uterine contractions, cramps, constant/irregular low backache, pelvic pressure

CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT (14 decks)

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