Principles of Neuroscience Lecture 4, Development of the nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

From which cells does the neural tube form?

A

Neural plate cells form a layer on the ectoderm

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1
Q

What are the layers in an embryo?

A

Trilaminar embryo:
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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2
Q

Describe the process of neurulation

A

The neural plate cells on either side of the primitive streak rise up and fuse at the top, forming a tube. This tube is called the neural tube. This goes on to form the spinal cord.

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3
Q

What disorders can occur with neurulation, and how do they arise?

A

When the neural tube does not close up all the way up the spine.
This causes severe disorders such as:
Spina bifida (lumbar region)
Anencephaly (head)

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4
Q

Describe the sections that the developing brain forms

A

Prosencephalon: forebrain
Mesencephalon: midbrain
Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
Caudal neural tube: spinal cord

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5
Q

Describe the further segmentation of the prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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6
Q

Describe the further segmentation of the rhombencephalon

A

Two greater sections :
Myloencephalon
Metencephalon

7 sections all up

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7
Q

What does the spinal cord form out of?

A

The caudal neural tube

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8
Q

What is the name for the cells present at the top of the neural tube during development?
What is their function?

A

Neural crest cells. These cells migrate and go on to form many important cell types

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9
Q

What is Somite?

A

Developing muscle and bone

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10
Q

Describe the process of neural crest migration

A

Neural crest cells follow specific paths through the embryo

  • under the skin to form the dorsal root ganglia
  • through the Somite to form sympathetic ganglia

Eg. Innervation of the gut; enteric nervous system

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11
Q

How does the cortex / cells of the brain form?

A

It starts with the neuroepithelium that is one cell thick.

This neuroepithelium adds cells that migrate away to form the cortex.

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12
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Down the bottom, where neurons are being born. Stem cells are here

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13
Q

What are radial glia?

A

Their processes act as a guide along which neurons migrate down to form the cortex.

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14
Q

What does the notochord go on to form?

A

The centre of the vertebral body

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15
Q

What is sonic hedgehog?

A

Chemical that sets up a gradient and thus polarity in the neural tube, indicating where neurons should grow.

16
Q

Describe the process of axonal growth

A

Axons aren’t present when the neuron first develops

17
Q

What are growth cones made out of?

A

They are a dynamic cytoskeleton structure

18
Q

How to growth cones know where to go?

A

Chemical gradients steer the movement