MCB Lecture 54 Treating viruses Flashcards
Describe the kinetics of the immune response clearing viruses in the body
NK cells initially reduce numbers of virus
CTL further reduce numbers
Virus isn’t fully cleared until we have specific antibodies made by plasma B cells
What are the natural ways that viral infection can be prevented or slowed?
- Secreted antibody neutralisation (IgA)
- NK cells recognise virally infected cells
- Classical pathway
- CD8+ kill virally infected cells
- Phagocytosis
- Mannose binding lectin
- Interferon secretion by macrophages
What is the aim of vaccination?
To create pools of memory cells (CTL, HTL, B cells)
Describe the function of memory lymphocytes in clearing viruses
- CTL: when virus is reintroduced, kills infected cells
- HTL: help B cells
- Make antibodies that neutralise virus, prevent attachment and stimulate opsonisation and lysis
Explain the function of immune cells clearing rhinovirus.
Antibody binds over the groove on the capsid that normally binds to the host cell. Now, the virus can not bind to the host cell, and thus will not infect cells
What are some of the different types of vaccine?
- Live attenuated
- Attenuated through use in a different host
- Killed virus
- Virus like particles
- Broken into subunits
- Recombinant proteins
- Vaccine vectors
Which types of vaccine do we have for mumps, polio, rubella and the measles?
Live attenuated viruses
Which type of vaccine do we have for smallpox?
Attenuated through use in a different host (cow)
Describe vaccines that have viruses attenuated due to use in a different host
When used in a different host, the virus changes to be more effective at killing this host
They then become less virulent in humans and can be used to create an immune response in humans because the surface molecules are the same, but they do not cause the same magnitude of disease
Which type of vaccine do we have for polio?
Live attenuated, killed virus
Which type of vaccine do we have for influenza?
Virus broken into subunits, the harmful parts are isolated and removed
What type of vaccine do we have for HPV?
Virus like particles
Only the protein capsid, no genome, thus non virulent
What treatment do we have for polio?
No treatment (antiviral drug)
How can polio be prevented?
Vaccination
What are the two vaccines for polio?
Salk: killed virus,vaccination by injection
Sabin: live attenuated virus is pills