Principles Of Neuroscience Lecture 29 Disorders of the Nervous System II Flashcards

0
Q

What irreversible deficits come about due to abuse induced trauma?

A

Social behaviour
Neuro cognitive impairment
Fearful, timid, withdrawn

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1
Q

What are some examples of abuse/trauma?

A

Neglect
Physical
Sexual
Psychological

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2
Q

Give some examples of studies connecting abuse and trauma (3)

A

a. Time spent in orphanage vs. incidence of neuro cognitive impairment
b. Harlowe’s monkeys: reared in isolation –> fearful, timid withdrawn monkeys
c. MRI tractography of deprived children: reduced connection between PFC and the rest of the brain

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3
Q

What are the requirements for the critical period?

A

Tactile based attachment

Nurturing

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4
Q

Describe how the analogy of vision can be used for critical periods

A

There is a critical period for development of the occular dominance columns and stereoscopic vision.

If one eye is covered during this time, normal vision can never be regained

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5
Q

Describe the study in which cats eyes were sutured

A

Normal cat: most neurons in V1 receive input from both eyes, some receive input from only one eye
Eye sutured shut during critical period: every when reopened, the neurons in the V1 only receive input from neurons from one eye
Eye sutured after critical period: once reopened, the neurons in V1 can regain the normal input patterns

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6
Q

What does the sutured eye experiments in cats tell us about critical periods?

A

There is a critical time during which all the important things occurin terms of organisation of the system.

This can be used as an analogy for normal social behaviour. If a child does not receive the correct care during this time, it will never acquire normal social behaviour

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7
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

This is normal 3D and depth vision

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8
Q

What is strabismus?

A

This is abnormal stereoscopic vision. The depth of objects can no be seen

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9
Q

Monocular deprivation can lead to …

How long must the monocular deprivation last?

A

Strabismus

3 days is sufficient to generate biasing to one eye
6 days: there will be complete biasing to one eye

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10
Q

How do inputs into neurons in layer IV in the visual cortex establish dominance?

A

The input neuron that correlates most with the activity of the neuron it is inputting into will have its connection strengthened

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11
Q

Describe the three eyed frog experiment

A

Normally, the input from each eye in frogs goes to separate parts of the brain.

Attaching a third eye results in occular dominance columns in the brain, because the inputs from the two eyes compete for space in the visual cortex

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12
Q

What were the conclusions of the three eyed frog experiment?

A

Competition for space results in ocular dominance columns

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13
Q

What is the hyper plastic state, and why is it important?

A

This is a state when also the connections and organisation of the neural circuits are made

It is important because if the individual does not get the right stimuli during this time, the function may never be properly developed

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14
Q

What are some examples of processes that are set up in the hyper plastic state?

What are some common molecules?

A

Neuromuscular junctions
Ocular dominance
Language
Stress

NMDA
GABA
CREB

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of growth of neurons and establishment of circuits

A
Stimulus: ligand binding
Increase in intracellular calcium
Activation by phosphorylation of proteins
Activation of transcription factors
Gene expression
16
Q

Describe the stress response

Which systems are important for the stress response?

A

Sensory input
Amygdala
Hypothalamus -> HPA, autonomic nervous system
Avoidance behaviour
Diffuse neuromodulatory systems -> noradrenaline, increased vigilance

17
Q

Describe the Stress (HPA) axis.

A

Amygdala activates the HPA which releases cortisol

The hippocampus inhibits the release of cortisol from the HPA

18
Q

Compare the function of the HPA axis in normal development and in children who are abused/ experience unrelenting stress

A

Normal: inhibition of too much cortisol by action of the hippocampus

Unrelenting stress: lots of cortisol in the system, which is toxic to the hippocampus. The cells in the hippocampus die and now the HPA is no longer inhibited. There is overactivity of HPA and too much release of cortisol

19
Q

Studies of the HPA axis in depressed individuals reveals that …

A

The HPA axis is over active

20
Q

Studies of the brain in abused individuals reveals that …

This is due to …

A

There is reduced volume of the PFC and the hippocampus

This is due to the toxic effects of cortisol

21
Q

What is the relationship between abuse and neurodevelopment?

A

The relationship is unclear.

We don’t know whether or not it is a linear relationship, or if there is a threshold, above which development is normal

22
Q

What does it mean when we say that we only know this relationships at extremes?

A

We only really know the effect or chronic abuse and complete neglect

23
Q

What is the effect of an ultra-enriched environment?

A

We don’t know