Principles Anatomy Flashcards
What is endochondral ossification?
process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
What does a bone consist of?
outer cortical layer of compact bone
inner medulla of spongy bone
central medullary cavity which contains red marrow in the hematopoietic bones and white (fatty) marrow in the non-blood cell forming bones
What is the periosteum?
fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’
it is well vascularised so mainly supplies compact bone
and well innervated which is why it hurts so much when you fracture bone
What supplies the medullary cavity?
nutrient vessels: artery and vein
ALSO supplies:
bone marrow, spongy bone and deep compact bone
What is a Callus?
initial healing structure which forms around a fractured bone
What is surgical reducing and fixation?
surgically reduced: bone ends realigned
surgically fixed: bone ends held in correct alignment
When do bony features develop?
during bone growth
Give a cranial example of bony features?
cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into 3 fossae:
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
What is included in the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull
bones of the neck (including the cervical vertebrae & the hyoid bone)
bones of the trunk
What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
bones of the upper limbs
bones of the pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
bones of the lower limb
What is the cranial vault?
neurocranium (i.e head)
- left and right parietal bone
- occipital bone
- left and right temporal bone
- left and right sphenoid bone
What are the bones of the face?
viscerocranium The right and left of: - the nasal bone - the zygoma (cheek) - the maxilla - the mandible
What is the base of the skull?
skull cap
- the frontal bone
- the sphenoid bone
- left and right temporal bone
- the occipital bone
What are Le Fort Fractures?
3 forms - all fractures of the bones in the face
1 - mouth area
2 - upper nose
3 - cheek and upper nose
Name the regions of the 33 vertebrae?
7 cervical: C1-C7 12 thoracic: T1-T12 5 lumbar: L1-L5 5 sacral: fused to form 1 sacrum 4 coccygeal: fused to form 1 coccyx
What occurs at C1?
Atlas
does not have a body or spinous process
What occurs at C2?
Axis
has an odontoid process
What occurs at C7?
vertebrae prominens
first palpable spinous process in 70% of people
What is the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae, 2 clavicles
What is the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones & the sacrum
What is the arm?
between the shoulder joint and elbow joint
What is the leg?
between the knee and ankle joint
What is a joint? What do they allow?
articulation between adjacent parts of the skeleton
- provide our skeleton with mobility and enable locomotion
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Describe a fibrous joint?
Limited Mobility
2 types:
Syndesmoses: unites bones with fibrous sheet fibrous membrane
partially movable
Sutures
between bones of skull
highly stable
What is a Fontanelle?
Fibrous joint
wide sutures in the neonatal skull
allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other - to make babys head smaller for birth
What is a slipped femoral epiphysis?
the left femoral epiphysis (head) has “slipped” in relation to the growth plate on left side
Describe Cartilaginous joints?
Two types: Primary cartilaginous - synchondroses - bones joined by hyaline cartilage e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary cartilaginous
- symphyses
- strong
- slightly movable
- fibrocartilage
e. g. intervertebral discs
BOTH types can “slip”
Describe Synovial joints?
2 or more bones articulating with each other 5 types: Pivot Plane Hinge Ball and socket Biaxial
What is a disc herniatation?
slipped disc
- can compress the spinal cord
What is a bursa?
small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid
- prevents friction around joints
Name the joints in order of most - least mobile?
synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous
What is subluxation?
ligament injury and/or slipped disc, but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relationship to each other
]
- reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is dislocation?
complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Describe the serous pericardium?
Inner, membranous layer
secretes serous fluid (glistens)
- visceral and parietal layer
Describe the visceral pericardium?
Outer, thick, tough layer
prevents overfilling
protective
Haemopericardium can result in cardiac tamponade
What two layers make up the pericardial sac?
fibrous and serous
Describe the 3 layers of the heart?
external – Epicardium: visceral serous pericardium
middle – Myocardium: muscle layer
internal – Endocardium: inner lining
Describe the 3 different types of muscle?
Cardiac Muscle
involuntary & striated
heart beating
Smooth Muscle
involuntary & non-striated
“tube” narrowing
Skeletal Muscle
voluntary & striated
skeletal movements
What is an aponeurosis?
a flattened tendon
What are the two main reflexes? Describe them.
stretch reflex - protecting against over stretching
flexion withdrawal reflex - when we touch something dangerous
Describe muscle paralysis?
a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
cannot contract
on examination the muscle would have reduced tone
Describe muscle spasticity?
the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending controls from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle would have increased tone
What is atropy?
wasting of muscles so myocytes get smaller
What is hypertrophy?
skeletal muscles enlarge: each individual myocyte also enlarges
What is the T4 dermatome?
male nipple
What is the T10 dermatome?
umbilicus
