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1. GI > Principles Anatomy > Flashcards

Principles Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)

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2
Q

What does a bone consist of?

A

outer cortical layer of compact bone
inner medulla of spongy bone
central medullary cavity which contains red marrow in the hematopoietic bones and white (fatty) marrow in the non-blood cell forming bones

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3
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’
it is well vascularised so mainly supplies compact bone
and well innervated which is why it hurts so much when you fracture bone

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4
Q

What supplies the medullary cavity?

A

nutrient vessels: artery and vein
ALSO supplies:
bone marrow, spongy bone and deep compact bone

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5
Q

What is a Callus?

A

initial healing structure which forms around a fractured bone

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6
Q

What is surgical reducing and fixation?

A

surgically reduced: bone ends realigned

surgically fixed: bone ends held in correct alignment

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7
Q

When do bony features develop?

A

during bone growth

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8
Q

Give a cranial example of bony features?

A

cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into 3 fossae:
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

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9
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

bones of the skull
bones of the neck (including the cervical vertebrae & the hyoid bone)
bones of the trunk

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10
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
bones of the upper limbs
bones of the pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
bones of the lower limb

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11
Q

What is the cranial vault?

A

neurocranium (i.e head)

  • left and right parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • left and right temporal bone
  • left and right sphenoid bone
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12
Q

What are the bones of the face?

A 
viscerocranium
The right and left of:
- the nasal bone
- the zygoma (cheek)
- the maxilla
- the mandible
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13
Q

What is the base of the skull?

A

skull cap

  • the frontal bone
  • the sphenoid bone
  • left and right temporal bone
  • the occipital bone
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14
Q

What are Le Fort Fractures?

A

3 forms - all fractures of the bones in the face
1 - mouth area
2 - upper nose
3 - cheek and upper nose

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15
Q

Name the regions of the 33 vertebrae?

A 
7 cervical: C1-C7
12 thoracic: T1-T12
5 lumbar: L1-L5
5 sacral: fused to form 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal: fused to form 1 coccyx
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16
Q

What occurs at C1?

A

Atlas

does not have a body or spinous process

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17
Q

What occurs at C2?

A

Axis

has an odontoid process

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18
Q

What occurs at C7?

A

vertebrae prominens

first palpable spinous process in 70% of people

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19
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

2 scapulae, 2 clavicles

20
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

2 hip bones & the sacrum

21
Q

What is the arm?

A

between the shoulder joint and elbow joint

22
Q

What is the leg?

A

between the knee and ankle joint

23
Q

What is a joint? What do they allow?

A

articulation between adjacent parts of the skeleton

- provide our skeleton with mobility and enable locomotion

24
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

25
Q

Describe a fibrous joint?

A

Limited Mobility
2 types:

Syndesmoses: unites bones with fibrous sheet fibrous membrane
partially movable

Sutures
between bones of skull
highly stable

26
Q

What is a Fontanelle?

A

Fibrous joint
wide sutures in the neonatal skull
allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other - to make babys head smaller for birth

27
Q

What is a slipped femoral epiphysis?

A

the left femoral epiphysis (head) has “slipped” in relation to the growth plate on left side

28
Q

Describe Cartilaginous joints?

A 
Two types:
Primary cartilaginous 
- synchondroses
- bones joined by hyaline cartilage
e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate

Secondary cartilaginous

  • symphyses
  • strong
  • slightly movable
  • fibrocartilage
    e. g. intervertebral discs

BOTH types can “slip”

29
Q

Describe Synovial joints?

A 
2 or more bones articulating with each other
5 types:
Pivot
Plane
Hinge 
Ball and socket
Biaxial
30
Q

What is a disc herniatation?

A

slipped disc

- can compress the spinal cord

31
Q

What is a bursa?

A

small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid
- prevents friction around joints

32
Q

Name the joints in order of most - least mobile?

A

synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous

33
Q

What is subluxation?

A

ligament injury and/or slipped disc, but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relationship to each other
]
- reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

34
Q

What is dislocation?

A

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

35
Q

Describe the serous pericardium?

A

Inner, membranous layer
secretes serous fluid (glistens)

  • visceral and parietal layer
36
Q

Describe the visceral pericardium?

A

Outer, thick, tough layer
prevents overfilling
protective

Haemopericardium can result in cardiac tamponade

37
Q

What two layers make up the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous and serous

38
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the heart?

A

external – Epicardium: visceral serous pericardium

middle – Myocardium: muscle layer

internal – Endocardium: inner lining

39
Q

Describe the 3 different types of muscle?

A

Cardiac Muscle
involuntary & striated
heart beating

Smooth Muscle
involuntary & non-striated
“tube” narrowing

Skeletal Muscle
voluntary & striated
skeletal movements

40
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

a flattened tendon

41
Q

What are the two main reflexes? Describe them.

A

stretch reflex - protecting against over stretching

flexion withdrawal reflex - when we touch something dangerous

42
Q

Describe muscle paralysis?

A

a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply

cannot contract

on examination the muscle would have reduced tone

43
Q

Describe muscle spasticity?

A

the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve

the descending controls from the brain are not working

on examination the muscle would have increased tone

44
Q

What is atropy?

A

wasting of muscles so myocytes get smaller

45
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

skeletal muscles enlarge: each individual myocyte also enlarges

46
Q

What is the T4 dermatome?

A

male nipple

47
Q

What is the T10 dermatome?

A

umbilicus

1. GI (61 decks)

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