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1. GI > Physiology and Pharmacology of the liver > Flashcards

Physiology and Pharmacology of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the liver?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
- gluconeogenesis, glucogenolysis and glycogenesis
Fat metabolism and synthesis of
- lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, ketogenesis
Protein metabolism
- demination of amino acids and convert ammonia into urea

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2
Q

What is the liver a major site of degradation for?

A

insulin
steroid hormones
glucagon
ADH

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3
Q

What does normal thyroid function depend on?

A

hepatic formation of active T3 from T4

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4
Q

What does the liver activate vitamin D to produce?

A

25(OH)D

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5
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Vit A, B12, E, D and K
Copper
Iron
Glycogen

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6
Q

What does the liver coagulate?

A

factor 2, 7, 9 and 10

Protein C and S

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7
Q

What is the site of synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin)?

A

the liver

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8
Q

What is the role of Kupffer cells?

A

digest and destroy cellular debris like RBC and any invading bacteria

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9
Q

What does bile contain?

A

secretion of hepatocytes

secretion of bile duct cells

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10
Q

What are the main bile acids?

A

Cholic

Chendeoxycholic

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11
Q

What is the most common pathology of the biliary tract?

A

cholelithiasis - gall stones

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12
Q

How is biliary spasm relieved?

A

GTN

Atropine

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13
Q

How are symptomatic gall stones treated?

A

Laprascopic cholecystectomy

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14
Q

When are bile acid sequestrants used?

A

hyperlipidemia, cholestatic jaundice

Act by binding bile acids and prevent their reabsorption

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15
Q

Name the bile acid sequestrants?

A

Colesvelam
Colestipol
Colestryamine

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16
Q

What happens in phase 1 of drug metabolism in the liver?

A

oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis

17
Q

What happens in phase 2 of drug metabolism in the liver?

A

conjugation

18
Q

What is Hepatic Encephalopathy?

A

decline in brain function that occurs as a result of severe liver disease
- liver cannot remove toxins from the blood

19
Q

What are the treatment options for Hepatic Encephalopathy?

A

Lactulose - converts ammonia to ammonium (which is not absorbed)
Antibiotics - neomycin and rifaximin

20
Q

What do raised blood NH3 levels result in?

A

coma

1. GI (61 decks)

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