Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. GI > Pathology of the liver > Flashcards

Pathology of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 zones of the liver?

A

Pericentral, Periportal and mid acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does Cirrhosis manifest?

A

Insult to hepatocytes ..viral, drug, toxin, antibody

Grading -> degree of inflammation

Staging -> degree of fibrosis

Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of Acute liver failure?

A

viruses
alcohol
drugs
bile duct obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the clinical sign of Acute liver failure?

A

acute onset of jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Acetoaminophen Toxicity?

A

Confluent necrosis produces massive acute necrosis and liver failure
- caused by overdose of drugs (mainly in suicidal patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the consequences of acute liver failure?

A

complete recovery
chronic liver disease
death from liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Haemolysis of all causes
Haemolytic anaemias
Unconjugated bilirubin

i.e. too much haem to break down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause hepatic jaundice?

A 
Acute liver failure (virus,drugs,alcohol)
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis (decompensated)
Bile duct loss (atresia, PBC, PSC)
Pregnancy

i.e. liver cells injured of dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Congenital biliary atresia
Gallstones block CB Duct
Strictures of CB Duct
Tumours (Ca head of pancreas)

i.e. bile cannot escape into the bowel - deadly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the characteristics of cirrhosis?

A

Irreversible
Defined by bands of fibrosis separating regenerative nodules of hepatocytes
Macronodular or micronodular (alcoholic)
Alteration of hepatic microvasculature - blood leaving the liver is different to that of a normal person ->
Loss of hepatic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause Cirrhosis?

A 
alcohol
drugs
too much iron 
gallstones
autoimmune liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the complications of Cirrhosis?

A

Portal hypertension

Ascites - no albumin so fluid is not drawn back in

Liver Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens when ethanol enters the body?

A

Ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of acetaldehyde on the body?

A

toxic and causes liver cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs in the liver after 2-3 days of heavy drinking?

A

Fatty liver

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What occurs in the liver after 4-6 weeks of heavy drinking?

A

Hepatitis

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What occurs in the liver after months of heavy drinking?

A

Fibrosis

Irreversible

18
Q

What occurs in the liver after years of heavy drinking?

A

Cirrhosis

Irreversible

19
Q

What is a fatty liver called?

A

Steatosis

20
Q

Apart from alcohol, what can also cause fatty liver disease?

A 
NASH - Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Pregnancy
Drugs
Nutritional
Diabetes
HCV (type 3)
21
Q

What are the consequences of alcoholic liver disease?

A 
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension… varices and ascites
Malnutrition
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Social disintegration
22
Q

Describe NASH?

A

Non-drinkers
Pathologically identical to alcoholic liver disease
Occurs in patients with diabetes,obesity, hyperlipidaemia
May lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and very common cause of carcinoma

23
Q

What are the rare causes of viral hepatitis?

A 
Ebstein-Barr virus
Yellow fever virus
Herpes Simplex virus
Cytomegalovirus
Delta agent
24
Q

What are the common causes of viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Hep A?

A

Faecal-oral spread
Short incubation period
Mild illness, usually full recovery
No carrier state

26
Q

What are the chracteristics of Hep B?

A

Spread by blood, blood products, sexually, vertically (in utero)
Long incubation period
Liver damage is by antiviral immune response
Carriers exist
Outcome is variable

27
Q

What are the characteristics of Hep C?

A 
Spread by blood, blood products, possibly sexually
Short incubation period
Often asymptomatic
Disease waxes and wanes
Tends to become chronic or cirrhosis
28
Q

What are the outcomes of Hep B?

A 
Fulminant acute infection (Death)
Chronic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Assymptomatic (Carrier)
29
Q

What can cause chronic hepatitis?

A 
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Autoimmune hepatitis
Drug induced hepatitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
30
Q

What is a key indicator of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?

A

High anti mitochondria antibodies

May see granulomas and bile duct loss

31
Q

Describe the characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis?

A 
Commoner in females
Associated with other AI diseases
Chronic hepatitis pattern
Numerous plasma cells
Autoantibodies to smooth muscle, nuclear or LKM, raised IgG
May have triggers, including some drugs
32
Q

What may trigger an autoimmune hepatitis?

A

chronic drug induced hepatitis

33
Q

Describe Primary Sclerosing Cholongitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory process affecting intra - and extra-hepatic bile ducts
Leads to periductal fibrosis, duct destruction, jaundice and fibrosis
Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
Males
Increased risk of malignancy in bile ducts and colon

34
Q

Name some storage diseases?

A

Haemochromatosis
Wilsons disease
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

35
Q

What is the cause of primary Haemochromatosis?

A

Genetic condition - excess absorbtion of iron from intestine, abnormal iron metabolism

36
Q

What are the causes of secondary Haemochromatosis?

A

Iron overload from diet, transfusions, iron therapy

37
Q

What are the consequences of primary haemochromatosis?

A

Iron deposited in liver, assymptomatic for years
Eventually deposited in portal connective tissue and stimulates fibrosis

Cirrhosis if not treated and predisposes to carcinoma
Also causes diabetes, cardiac failure and impotence

38
Q

What is the therapy for haemochromatosis?

A

venesection

39
Q

What is Wilsons Disease?

A

Inherited autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism

Copper accumulates in liver and brain (basal ganglia)

40
Q

What are the signs and outcomes of Wilsons Disease?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings at corneal limbus

Low serum caeruloplasmin

Causes chronic hepatitis and neurological deterioration

41
Q

What is Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Inherited autosomal recessive disorder of production of an enzyme inhibitor

Causes empysema and cirrhosis

Cytoplasmic globules of unsecreted globules of protein in liver cells

1. GI (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions