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1. GI > Physiology of feeding > Flashcards

Physiology of feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Name some consequences of Obesity?

A 
Metabolic syndrome
Central obesity
Dyslipidemia
Insulin resistance
Type 2 Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
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2
Q

What does BMI =?

A

Weight/square of height

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3
Q

What is an overweight BMI?

A

25 - 29.9

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4
Q

What is an obese BMI?

A

30 - 39.9

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5
Q

What is a morbidly obese BMI?

A

40 or over

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6
Q

What does severe obesity by the age of 20/30 do?

A

shortens life by
13 years for men
8 years for women

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7
Q

What does long term obesity increase the risk of?

A 
Stroke
Dementia
Respiratory Diseases (sleep apnoea)
Heart Disease
Gallbladder disease
Osteoarthritis
Diabetes
Cancer
Hyperuricemia
Gout
NAFLD (fatty liver)
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8
Q

What is brain reprogramming and what is it caused by?

A

Your brain views the extra weight (fat) as normal & dieting as threat to body survival
i.e. defends new weight

Caused by: long term obesity

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9
Q

How does the CNS influence body weight and energy levels?

A

Integration of:

  1. Behaviour - feeding and physical activity
  2. ANS activity - regulates energy expenditure
  3. Neuroendocrine system - secretion of hormones
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10
Q

What is the neural site responsible for the CNS influences?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the site of integration?

A

Brain

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12
Q

What is Satiation?

A

sensation of fullness generated during a meal

signals increase during meals

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13
Q

What is Satiety?

A

period of time between termination of one meal and the initiation of next

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14
Q

What is Adiposity?

A

state of being obese

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15
Q

What tells the brain how much you are eating?

A

Peptides - act on vagal afferents

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16
Q

Name some Satiation signals?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) – secreted from enteroendocrine cells in duodenum and jejunum. Released in proportion to lipids and proteins in meal. Inhibits gastric motility, slows emptying and reduces food intake (Hypo).
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) – product of pro-glucagon gene. Also released from L cells in response to food ingestion. Inhibits gastric emptying and reduces food intake (Hypo, NTS)
Oxyntomodulin (OXM) – Also from pro-glucagon gene and released from oxyntic cells of small intestine after meal. Acts to suppress appetite.
Obestatin – peptide produced from gene that encodes ghrelin and released from cells lining stomach/small intestine. Suggested to reduce food intake – may act to antagonise the actions of ghrelin.

17
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Octanoylated peptide, produced and secreted by oxyntic cells in stomach. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after meals.
Levels are raised by fasting and hypoglycaemia
Peripheral ghrelin stimulates food intake (Hypo) and decreases fat utilization
Signals are sensed in the hypothalamus

18
Q

What drugs increase food appetite/intake?

A

Glutamate
Gaba
opioids
- increase food intake when injected into hypothalamic centres

19
Q

What drugs decrease food intake/appetite?

A

Monoamines act to suppress food intake - many drugs developed to act on these systems

20
Q

Which 2 hormones report fat status to the brain? (adiposity signals)

A

Leptin - made & released from fat cells

Insulin - made & released from pancreatic cells

21
Q

What is the mechanism of Leptin and Insulin?

A

Levels in blood increase as more fat is stored
Inform brain (hypothalamus) to alter energy
balance - eat less and increase energy burn
This malfunctions in obese state

22
Q

What can neuron specific deletion of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) result in?

A

Obesity

23
Q

Where are insulin and leptin receptors found?

A

hypothalamus

24
Q

What family is leptin a family of?

A

Cytokine

25
Q

What pathway is affected by drug abusers as well as adictive things like chocolate?

A

Dopamine pathway

26
Q

What drug is used to treat obesity/cause weight loss?

A

Orlistat - Inhibits pancreatic lipase decreasing triglyceride absorption

27
Q

What are the side effects of Orlistat?

A

cramping and severe diarrhoea

28
Q

What other treatments work?

A

Bariatric Surgery:

Gastric by-pass surgery

29
Q

What are thermogenic adipocytes?

A

increase energy expenditure uncoupling of oxidative metabolism from ATP production
- function of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) which accelerates fuel oxidation and produces heat and therefore weight loss

1. GI (61 decks)

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