Primate Evolution

Question 1

What is science? (2 factors)

Answer 1

empirical and testable

Question 2

3 part hierarchy in science

Answer 2

hypothesis, theory, law

Question 3

What is a scientific theory?

Answer 3

Well established explanation of some part of the natural world. Includes facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.

Question 4

Two important facts about scientific theories?

Answer 4

multi-part

no amount of validation can make it a law

Question 5

Definition of Evolution (word-for-word)

Answer 5

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Question 6

unit of evolutionary change

Answer 6

populations

Question 7

microevolution

Answer 7

short time frame; genetic change within a species

Question 8

macroevolution

Answer 8

long time frame, origin and extinction of species

Question 9

Ptolemy (2)

Answer 9

earth at center of universe

earth very young

Question 10

James Ussher (1)

Answer 10

earth created Sunday, Oct. 23, 4004 B.C.

Question 11

Plato (3)

Answer 11

world of ideals
species based on fixed ideal type
one compares things to the ideal type to
recognize them

Question 12

Aristotle (2)

Answer 12

“Scala Naturae” = order of the world/great chain of being/ladder of nature
humans at top (most complex)

Question 13

Teleology

Answer 13

use of ultimate purpose/design as means of explaining natural phenomena == organisms successful because they’re designed to be

Question 14

Copernicus (2)

Answer 14

sun center of universe

hypothesis testing using empirical data

Question 15

Galileo (1)

Answer 15

showed copernicus was right

Question 16

Carolus Linnaeus (4)

Answer 16

binomial classification
away from “Scala Naturaw” toward tree of life
used common attributes to group organisms
grouped humans with other primates

Question 17

Richard Owen (2)

Answer 17

homology - “same organ in diff animals under every variety of form and function”

ground work for common ancestors

Question 18

Buffon (3)

Answer 18

earth > 6000 years old
species change over time
noted anatomical similarity between humans 
   and apes = discussed possibility of 
    common ancestor

Question 19

Darwin was….

Answer 19

not the first evolutionist

Question 20

Lamarck (2)

Answer 20

first to propose evolutionary mechanism (change through striving)/acquired characteristics passed to offspring

mechanism wrong but - adaptation occurs over time in response to environmental change

Question 21

Cuvier (3)

Answer 21

established extinction as a fact
explained: catastrophism
provided further evidence that earth is old

Question 22

Charles Lyell (2)

Answer 22

uniformitarianism - same geological process observable today also happened in the past

given enough time small changes creates a big effect

Question 23

Thomas Malthus (3)

Answer 23

economist

disease&other factors keep populations in check

left unchecked a population will increase faster than available food resources

Question 24

Darwin (4)

Answer 24

Origin of Species
correctly identified mechanism for evolution
lots of natural variation
struggle for existence

Question 25

3 Fundamental Points

Answer 25

ability for pop to grow is infinite; carrying capacity of environment is finite

individuals vary in morphology and behavior = differential survival and reproduction

variation is transmitted to offspring (fit traits retained/selected for)

Question 26

Alfred Wallace (1)

Answer 26

independently came up with natural selection

Question 27

Natural selection (3 components)

What happens if they exist?

Answer 27

variation
heredity
differential reproduction

evolutionary change is inevitable

Question 28

reproductive success definition

Answer 28

of offspring one produces that reach reproductive age

Question 29

fitness definition

Answer 29

and individual’s RS relative to the RS of other members of the same species

Question 30

adaptation definition

Answer 30

a trait that is favored by natural selection

Question 31

Mendel

Answer 31

basic laws of heritability
genotype & phenotype
no blending inheritance - variation is maintained

Question 32

DNA facts (5)

Answer 32

3 billion nucleotides
25000 functional genes
1% codes for proteins
4% regulates that 1%
rest = parasitic DNA, retroviruses, unknown

Question 33

Human and Chimp Genome

Answer 33

97% identical

Question 34

Mutation (4)

Answer 34

random process
mutagens - radiation, chemicals, viruses
most neutral
Must occur in gametes to be passed on

Question 35

Mutation level?
Natural selection level?
Evolution level?

Answer 35

Individual
Individual
Population

Question 36

4 Mechanisms of Evolution

Answer 36

natural selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift

Question 37

Modern Synthesis

Answer 37

natural selection and other forms of evolution + laws of heritability + understanding of protein synthesis