Primate Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is science? (2 factors)

A

empirical and testable

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2
Q

3 part hierarchy in science

A

hypothesis, theory, law

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3
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

Well established explanation of some part of the natural world. Includes facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.

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4
Q

Two important facts about scientific theories?

A

multi-part

no amount of validation can make it a law

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5
Q

Definition of Evolution (word-for-word)

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

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6
Q

unit of evolutionary change

A

populations

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7
Q

microevolution

A

short time frame; genetic change within a species

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8
Q

macroevolution

A

long time frame, origin and extinction of species

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9
Q

Ptolemy (2)

A

earth at center of universe

earth very young

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10
Q

James Ussher (1)

A

earth created Sunday, Oct. 23, 4004 B.C.

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11
Q

Plato (3)

A

world of ideals
species based on fixed ideal type
one compares things to the ideal type to
recognize them

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12
Q

Aristotle (2)

A

“Scala Naturae” = order of the world/great chain of being/ladder of nature
humans at top (most complex)

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13
Q

Teleology

A

use of ultimate purpose/design as means of explaining natural phenomena == organisms successful because they’re designed to be

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14
Q

Copernicus (2)

A

sun center of universe

hypothesis testing using empirical data

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15
Q

Galileo (1)

A

showed copernicus was right

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16
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (4)

A

binomial classification
away from “Scala Naturaw” toward tree of life
used common attributes to group organisms
grouped humans with other primates

17
Q

Richard Owen (2)

A

homology - “same organ in diff animals under every variety of form and function”

ground work for common ancestors

18
Q

Buffon (3)

A
earth > 6000 years old
species change over time
noted anatomical similarity between humans 
   and apes = discussed possibility of 
    common ancestor
19
Q

Darwin was….

A

not the first evolutionist

20
Q

Lamarck (2)

A

first to propose evolutionary mechanism (change through striving)/acquired characteristics passed to offspring

mechanism wrong but - adaptation occurs over time in response to environmental change

21
Q

Cuvier (3)

A

established extinction as a fact
explained: catastrophism
provided further evidence that earth is old

22
Q

Charles Lyell (2)

A

uniformitarianism - same geological process observable today also happened in the past

given enough time small changes creates a big effect

23
Q

Thomas Malthus (3)

A

economist

disease&other factors keep populations in check

left unchecked a population will increase faster than available food resources

24
Q

Darwin (4)

A

Origin of Species
correctly identified mechanism for evolution
lots of natural variation
struggle for existence

25
3 Fundamental Points
ability for pop to grow is infinite; carrying capacity of environment is finite individuals vary in morphology and behavior = differential survival and reproduction variation is transmitted to offspring (fit traits retained/selected for)
26
Alfred Wallace (1)
independently came up with natural selection
27
Natural selection (3 components) What happens if they exist?
variation heredity differential reproduction evolutionary change is inevitable
28
reproductive success definition
of offspring one produces that reach reproductive age
29
fitness definition
and individual's RS relative to the RS of other members of the same species
30
adaptation definition
a trait that is favored by natural selection
31
Mendel
basic laws of heritability genotype & phenotype no blending inheritance - variation is maintained
32
DNA facts (5)
``` 3 billion nucleotides 25000 functional genes 1% codes for proteins 4% regulates that 1% rest = parasitic DNA, retroviruses, unknown ```
33
Human and Chimp Genome
97% identical
34
Mutation (4)
random process mutagens - radiation, chemicals, viruses most neutral Must occur in gametes to be passed on
35
Mutation level? Natural selection level? Evolution level?
Individual Individual Population
36
4 Mechanisms of Evolution
natural selection mutation gene flow genetic drift
37
Modern Synthesis
natural selection and other forms of evolution + laws of heritability + understanding of protein synthesis