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Anthropology (ANT 301) > Hominin to Homo > Flashcards

Hominin to Homo Flashcards

1
Q

The Leakeys did…

A

combind multiple specimens in Olduvui Gorge to name a new species: Homo habilis

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2
Q

Homo habilis:
name?
3 traits
conclusion?

A

handy man

larger brain than Australopithecus
smaller cheek teeth than Australopithecus
hand with good manipulative abilities

H. habilis was the tool maker at Olduvai (not Paranthroupus or Australopithecus)

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3
Q

Koobi Fora

2 specimens

A

KNM - ER 1470 (H. Habilis male)

KNM - ER 1813 (H. Habilis female)

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4
Q

H. Habilis supposed to have (2)

A

small cheek teeth

endocranial volume larger than Australopithecus

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5
Q

KNM - ER 1470 (3)

A

orthognathic
large ECV
large cheek teeth

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6
Q

KNM - ER 1813 (3)

A

orthognathic
small ECV
small cheek teeth

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7
Q

results from Koobi Fora investigations

A

multiple individuals from diff sites -> maybe not a good idea to combind

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8
Q

most researchers conclusions about KNM specimens

A

two species

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9
Q

KNM - ER 1470

name + 2 traits

A

Homo rudolfensis
big brains
big cheek teeth

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10
Q

KNM - ER 1813

name + 2 traits

A

Homo habilis
small brain
small cheek teeth

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11
Q

big importance of Koobi Fora info

A

more evidence for multiple (2+) species of early Homo

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12
Q 
Site in Ethiopia
name?
bone found?
importance?
2 traits
A

Ledi-Geraru
mandible
maybe oldest Homo
ascending ramus moved posteriorly + uniform mandibular corpus depth in Homo

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13
Q

4 characters used to distinguish early Homo

A

large brain size
small cheek teeth
orthognathic jaw
mandible shape

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14
Q

Australopithecus sediba
hand traits (2)?
primitive as expected for Australopithecus (2)
derived features that have been used to identify Homo (3)

A

short fingers and long thumb

small brain
long arms and short legs

orthognathic
small molars
homo like mandible

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15
Q

Homo ergaster is the first hominin to have ALL the following features (5)

This makes H. ergaster

A 
big brain
orthognathic
small cheek teeth
modern stature/limb proportions
no evidence of climbing adaptations

a good candidate for your ancestor

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16
Q

what does modern stature/limb proportions mean (2)

A

ling legs/tall stature

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17
Q

Early homo adaptations (3)

A

striding
reduction of cheek teeth
tool use

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18
Q

striding specifics (3)

A

more efficient bipedality
dedicated biped
loss of climbing adaptations

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19
Q

reduction of cheek teeth specifics

A

reduction of cheek teeth - opposite of early adaptations

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20
Q

tool use specifics

A

mode 1 and mode 2

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21
Q

Java:
what?
feature?
name?

A

archaic morphology (similar to H. ergaster)
bipedal
Homo erectus

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22
Q

China:
first what?
name?

A

hominin skulls -> H. erectus

Chinese H. erectus

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23
Q

Chinese H. erectus (2 traits)

A

brain size similar to H. ergaster

stone tools from China (oldowan)

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24
Q

Most H. erectus never associated with anything other than

A

oldowan tools

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25
Q

Javanese H. erectus very

A

distinctive

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26
Q

H. erectus arrives in

A

E. Asia early and persists there for a long time

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27
Q

H. erectus is (2)

A

regionally specialized evolutionary dead end

originally derived from an African ancestor like H. ergaster

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28
Q

Important cladogenesis event

A

H. ergaster to H. erectus + H. sapiens

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29
Q

more evidence for (type of migration)

H. ergaster location + time

A

early pleistocene migration out of Africa

Georgia, same age as earliest H. erectus in Java

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30
Q

A post cranium fully committed to ______ evolves ____ in human evolution (by ____). As soon as that happens, Homo ______ out of _____ and across _____.

A 
efficient bipedalism 
late
~1.8MYA
walks
africa
the old world
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31
Q

Homo floresiensis (special feature)

A

tiny body + tiny brain

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32
Q

what caused Homo floresiensis

A

insular dwarfism - when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies

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33
Q

2 implications of Homo floresiensis

A

underwent a long period of isolation in Flores (got there by boats)

human brain evolution not a one-way street

34
Q

Acheulean Tools: 2 names

A

mode 2

hand axes

35
Q

Acheulean:
similar to oldowan 1
different to oldowan 2

A

both made from core

more steps in manufacture
get more cutting surface out of a single core

36
Q

Acheulean and Oldowan times

A

Acheulean 1.4 MYA

Oldowan 2.5 MYA

37
Q

Stereotyped manufacture
overtime-
but-

A

overtime: better raw material and refined manufacturing technique
but: keeps same basic shape (little regional variation)

38
Q

first hominin to make Acheulean

A

African Homo ergaster

39
Q

Acheulean never

A

makes it to E. Asia b/c first migration out of Africa predates invention

40
Q

what happened in S Africa 1 MYA

A

earliest definitive evidence for control of fire

41
Q

4 potential uses of fire

A

cookinh
protection
hunting
heat treating rocks

42
Q

800 KYA in Africa, Europe, and W. Asia?

A

Homo heidelbergensis

43
Q

Homo heidelbergensis had ______ shape but _____

A

archaic cranium shape but bigger brain

44
Q

Homo heidelbergensis primitive skull features (5)

A 
long low brain case
very thick brain case bones
very large brow ridges
large and robust face
no chin
45
Q

Homo heidelbergensis derived skull features

A

substantially larger brains

46
Q

Homo heidelbergensis bodies

A

more robust than modern humans

47
Q

what happened between H. ergaster and H. heidelbergensis

A

anagenesis

48
Q

Homo heidelbergensis tools
name (2)?
traits (3)

A

levallois technique: mode 3 tools

multi-step process
prepared core technique
final tool = flake (not core)

49
Q

Homo heidelbergensis did what to tools
why?
important aspect?

A

hafting - attaching to a handle
increases efficiency of applying force
stone tipped spears - hunting innovation

50
Q

by about ______ a new species had evolved in ______ called ______

A

200 KYA
Europe and W. Asia
H. neanderthalensis

51
Q

starting _____ in the ______ epoch what occurred

A

2.6 MYA
Pleistocene epoch
ice ages with onset of permanent ice caps in the N. Hemisphere b/c avg global temp has cooled

52
Q

what defines the beginning of the Pleistocene

A

permanent ice caps

53
Q

time range of homo? around?

A

2.8MYA - present; around time of permanent ice caps

54
Q

b/t 2 and 1 MYA there was ______ in avg temp, and ______ variability, with ______

A

decrease
increased
swings between glacial and interglacial periods

55
Q

_______ major glaciations over the last 1 MA

A

about 12

56
Q

global temp and CO2

A

move together

57
Q

during glacial periods there were

A

large ice sheets covering N Eurasia and N America

58
Q

Tundra from W. Europe to Central Asia is where

A

Neanderthals evolved their distinctive features

59
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

9 cranial traits

A 
mean ECV like modern humans
occipital bun
supratoral sulcus
supraorbital torus with double arched brow ridge
receding frontal
presence of retromolar space
no bony chin
midfacial prognathism
larger, broad, prominent nose
60
Q

Homo neanderthalensis have ______, but compared tp H. sapiens ____ (2 overal traits)

A

big brains
archaic cranium
low low brain case + large massively built face

61
Q

huge nose is adaptation for

A

cold climate

62
Q

compared to modern humans:
3 traits
because?

A

robust skeleton, short limbs and stocky body

well adapted for cold European climates

63
Q

Homo neanderthalensis have what tools:
two names
4 traits/points

A

mousterian (levallois) tools

made from flake not core
many tools spear points
active hunting
solid evidence for control of fire

64
Q

800 KYA

A

at least 2 regional species of homo (heidelbergensis and erectus)

65
Q

200 KYA

A

Neanderthals in Europe and W. Asia (floresiensis and erectus)

66
Q

Homo sapiens idaltu (2)

A

africa

nice morphological intermediate

67
Q

H sapiens:
what?
when and where (2)

A

anatomically modern humans first appear in fossil record of
africa and M. East about 100 KYA
to 40 KYA in Europe

68
Q

H sapiens (9)

A
  • High, rounded cranium
  • globular Braincase widest near top of skull
  • Steep high forehead
  • Large cranial capacity (1600 cc.)
  • Absence of alveolar and midfacial prognathism
  • small gracile facial skeleton
  • Reduced brow ridge
  • Parabolic palate
  • Prominent mental eminence–a definitive chin
69
Q

African Anagensis

A

heidelbergensis to idultu to sapiens

70
Q

origin of modern humans corresponds to

A

appearance of new technologies

71
Q

4th core adaptation

A

symbolism, Art, culture

72
Q

50 KYA

A

H sapiens spreads out of africa to eurasia

73
Q

species migrating out of africa has (2)

A

sophisticated blade based stone tools

tools made from bone, horn, antlers ivory

74
Q

species migrating out of africa also has (not the tools one)

A

symbolic art and maybe modern language

75
Q

tool traditions start to

A

vary by time and place

76
Q

burials with _____ are more common =

A

grave goods

more symbolic thought

77
Q

earliest modern europeans had body proportions adapted for

most similar to

A

warm climates despite ice ages

living african proportions

78
Q

last occurrence of other hominin species was

A

27 KYA

79
Q

Out of africa model (3)

A

replacement

H. ergaster disperses from Africa

anatomically modern H. sapiens evolves in africa and then spreads to Europe and Asia

80
Q

multiregional model (3)

A

interbreeding

H. ergaster disperses from Africa

anatomically modern H. sapiens arise in many populations (gene flow)

81
Q

Reality: (4)

A

mostly out of africa - limited interbreeding

H. ergaster disperses from Africa

anatomically modern H. sapiens evolves in africa and then spreads to europe and asia

genetic data shows some gene flow in eurasia but not much

82
Q

what came from Denisovan hominins

shows what?

meaning what?

A

DNA distinct from both neanderthals and modern humans -> clear evidence for gene flow between all 3 populations = a single biological species

Anthropology (ANT 301) (23 decks)

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