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Hominin to Homo Flashcards

1
Q

The Leakeys did…

A

combind multiple specimens in Olduvui Gorge to name a new species: Homo habilis

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2
Q

Homo habilis:
name?
3 traits
conclusion?

A

handy man

larger brain than Australopithecus
smaller cheek teeth than Australopithecus
hand with good manipulative abilities

H. habilis was the tool maker at Olduvai (not Paranthroupus or Australopithecus)

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3
Q

Koobi Fora

2 specimens

A

KNM - ER 1470 (H. Habilis male)

KNM - ER 1813 (H. Habilis female)

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4
Q

H. Habilis supposed to have (2)

A

small cheek teeth

endocranial volume larger than Australopithecus

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5
Q

KNM - ER 1470 (3)

A

orthognathic
large ECV
large cheek teeth

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6
Q

KNM - ER 1813 (3)

A

orthognathic
small ECV
small cheek teeth

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7
Q

results from Koobi Fora investigations

A

multiple individuals from diff sites -> maybe not a good idea to combind

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8
Q

most researchers conclusions about KNM specimens

A

two species

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9
Q

KNM - ER 1470

name + 2 traits

A

Homo rudolfensis
big brains
big cheek teeth

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10
Q

KNM - ER 1813

name + 2 traits

A

Homo habilis
small brain
small cheek teeth

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11
Q

big importance of Koobi Fora info

A

more evidence for multiple (2+) species of early Homo

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12
Q 
Site in Ethiopia
name?
bone found?
importance?
2 traits
A

Ledi-Geraru
mandible
maybe oldest Homo
ascending ramus moved posteriorly + uniform mandibular corpus depth in Homo

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13
Q

4 characters used to distinguish early Homo

A

large brain size
small cheek teeth
orthognathic jaw
mandible shape

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14
Q

Australopithecus sediba
hand traits (2)?
primitive as expected for Australopithecus (2)
derived features that have been used to identify Homo (3)

A

short fingers and long thumb

small brain
long arms and short legs

orthognathic
small molars
homo like mandible

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15
Q

Homo ergaster is the first hominin to have ALL the following features (5)

This makes H. ergaster

A 
big brain
orthognathic
small cheek teeth
modern stature/limb proportions
no evidence of climbing adaptations

a good candidate for your ancestor

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16
Q

what does modern stature/limb proportions mean (2)

A

ling legs/tall stature

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17
Q

Early homo adaptations (3)

A

striding
reduction of cheek teeth
tool use

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18
Q

striding specifics (3)

A

more efficient bipedality
dedicated biped
loss of climbing adaptations

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19
Q

reduction of cheek teeth specifics

A

reduction of cheek teeth - opposite of early adaptations

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20
Q

tool use specifics

A

mode 1 and mode 2

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21
Q

Java:
what?
feature?
name?

A

archaic morphology (similar to H. ergaster)
bipedal
Homo erectus

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22
Q

China:
first what?
name?

A

hominin skulls -> H. erectus

Chinese H. erectus

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23
Q

Chinese H. erectus (2 traits)

A

brain size similar to H. ergaster

stone tools from China (oldowan)

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24
Q

Most H. erectus never associated with anything other than

A

oldowan tools

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25
Javanese H. erectus very
distinctive
26
H. erectus arrives in
E. Asia early and persists there for a long time
27
H. erectus is (2)
regionally specialized evolutionary dead end originally derived from an African ancestor like H. ergaster
28
Important cladogenesis event
H. ergaster to H. erectus + H. sapiens
29
more evidence for (type of migration) H. ergaster location + time
early pleistocene migration out of Africa Georgia, same age as earliest H. erectus in Java
30
A post cranium fully committed to ______ evolves ____ in human evolution (by ____). As soon as that happens, Homo ______ out of _____ and across _____.
``` efficient bipedalism late ~1.8MYA walks africa the old world ```
31
Homo floresiensis (special feature)
tiny body + tiny brain
32
what caused Homo floresiensis
insular dwarfism - when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies
33
2 implications of Homo floresiensis
underwent a long period of isolation in Flores (got there by boats) human brain evolution not a one-way street
34
Acheulean Tools: 2 names
mode 2 | hand axes
35
Acheulean: similar to oldowan 1 different to oldowan 2
both made from core more steps in manufacture get more cutting surface out of a single core
36
Acheulean and Oldowan times
Acheulean 1.4 MYA | Oldowan 2.5 MYA
37
Stereotyped manufacture overtime- but-
overtime: better raw material and refined manufacturing technique but: keeps same basic shape (little regional variation)
38
first hominin to make Acheulean
African Homo ergaster
39
Acheulean never
makes it to E. Asia b/c first migration out of Africa predates invention
40
what happened in S Africa 1 MYA
earliest definitive evidence for control of fire
41
4 potential uses of fire
cookinh protection hunting heat treating rocks
42
800 KYA in Africa, Europe, and W. Asia?
Homo heidelbergensis
43
Homo heidelbergensis had ______ shape but _____
archaic cranium shape but bigger brain
44
Homo heidelbergensis primitive skull features (5)
``` long low brain case very thick brain case bones very large brow ridges large and robust face no chin ```
45
Homo heidelbergensis derived skull features
substantially larger brains
46
Homo heidelbergensis bodies
more robust than modern humans
47
what happened between H. ergaster and H. heidelbergensis
anagenesis
48
Homo heidelbergensis tools name (2)? traits (3)
levallois technique: mode 3 tools multi-step process prepared core technique final tool = flake (not core)
49
Homo heidelbergensis did what to tools why? important aspect?
hafting - attaching to a handle increases efficiency of applying force stone tipped spears - hunting innovation
50
by about ______ a new species had evolved in ______ called ______
200 KYA Europe and W. Asia H. neanderthalensis
51
starting _____ in the ______ epoch what occurred
2.6 MYA Pleistocene epoch ice ages with onset of permanent ice caps in the N. Hemisphere b/c avg global temp has cooled
52
what defines the beginning of the Pleistocene
permanent ice caps
53
time range of homo? around?
2.8MYA - present; around time of permanent ice caps
54
b/t 2 and 1 MYA there was ______ in avg temp, and ______ variability, with ______
decrease increased swings between glacial and interglacial periods
55
_______ major glaciations over the last 1 MA
about 12
56
global temp and CO2
move together
57
during glacial periods there were
large ice sheets covering N Eurasia and N America
58
Tundra from W. Europe to Central Asia is where
Neanderthals evolved their distinctive features
59
Homo neanderthalensis | 9 cranial traits
``` mean ECV like modern humans occipital bun supratoral sulcus supraorbital torus with double arched brow ridge receding frontal presence of retromolar space no bony chin midfacial prognathism larger, broad, prominent nose ```
60
Homo neanderthalensis have ______, but compared tp H. sapiens ____ (2 overal traits)
big brains archaic cranium low low brain case + large massively built face
61
huge nose is adaptation for
cold climate
62
compared to modern humans: 3 traits because?
robust skeleton, short limbs and stocky body | well adapted for cold European climates
63
Homo neanderthalensis have what tools: two names 4 traits/points
mousterian (levallois) tools made from flake not core many tools spear points active hunting solid evidence for control of fire
64
800 KYA
at least 2 regional species of homo (heidelbergensis and erectus)
65
200 KYA
Neanderthals in Europe and W. Asia (floresiensis and erectus)
66
Homo sapiens idaltu (2)
africa | nice morphological intermediate
67
H sapiens: what? when and where (2)
anatomically modern humans first appear in fossil record of africa and M. East about 100 KYA to 40 KYA in Europe
68
H sapiens (9)
* High, rounded cranium * globular Braincase widest near top of skull * Steep high forehead * Large cranial capacity (1600 cc.) * Absence of alveolar and midfacial prognathism * small gracile facial skeleton * Reduced brow ridge * Parabolic palate * Prominent mental eminence–a definitive chin
69
African Anagensis
heidelbergensis to idultu to sapiens
70
origin of modern humans corresponds to
appearance of new technologies
71
4th core adaptation
symbolism, Art, culture
72
50 KYA
H sapiens spreads out of africa to eurasia
73
species migrating out of africa has (2)
sophisticated blade based stone tools tools made from bone, horn, antlers ivory
74
species migrating out of africa also has (not the tools one)
symbolic art and maybe modern language
75
tool traditions start to
vary by time and place
76
burials with _____ are more common =
grave goods | more symbolic thought
77
earliest modern europeans had body proportions adapted for most similar to
warm climates despite ice ages living african proportions
78
last occurrence of other hominin species was
27 KYA
79
Out of africa model (3)
replacement H. ergaster disperses from Africa anatomically modern H. sapiens evolves in africa and then spreads to Europe and Asia
80
multiregional model (3)
interbreeding H. ergaster disperses from Africa anatomically modern H. sapiens arise in many populations (gene flow)
81
Reality: (4)
mostly out of africa - limited interbreeding H. ergaster disperses from Africa anatomically modern H. sapiens evolves in africa and then spreads to europe and asia genetic data shows some gene flow in eurasia but not much
82
what came from Denisovan hominins shows what? meaning what?
DNA distinct from both neanderthals and modern humans -> clear evidence for gene flow between all 3 populations = a single biological species

Anthropology (ANT 301) (23 decks)

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