2 Primate Evolution Flashcards
220-66 MYA
dinosaurs ruled the Earth
66 MYA
asteroid hit at the Chicxulub impact center
chicxulub impact marks boundary (3)
between Cretaceous and Palogen Periods
Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction
most recent of 5 major mass extinctions in earth history
effect of K-Pg mass extinction (3)
non avian dinosaurs and 50-70% of living species go extinct
mammals survive and begin to diversify (into empty niche space)
mammal adaptive radiation
what other mammals are primates most closely related to (2)?
Colugos then tree shrews
primates + ______ =
dermoptera (colugous); primatomorpha
primates + ______ + ______ =
dermoptera (colugous) + scandentia (tree shrews) = euarchonta
Where are Colugos and tree shrews found?
only in SE Asia
SE Asia is ____ but ____
probably where primates originated, but the fossil record is poor
earliest definite primates appear in fossil record at
what allowed for dispersal?
beginning of Eocene epoch 56 mya
sea levels change and continents move; into northern hemisphere
holarctic distribution
N America, Europe, and Asia (where primates dispersed)
global temp over _____ is _____
know this through
cenozoic; varied
oxygen isotope record
oxygen isotope record
predictable relationship between water temp and amnt of heavy oxygen incorporated into CaCO3 Shells
Eocene is the
warmest Epoch of teh cenozoic
boundary between _____ and ____ is ________
called _____
Paleocene and Eocene; warmest time interval in the last 66 MYA
PETM - Paleocene - Eocene thermal maximum
PETM marked by (3)
carbon isotope excursion
indicates massive release of Carbon into biosphere
100 KY period of extreme green house conditions
primates originate in ______ before the ______
topics of East or SE Asia before the PETM
very warm conditions of the PETM allow
primates to spread out across Holarctic continents
primates appear _____ at _____ according to fossil record
abruptly; PETM
oldest definite fossil primate: name? place? time? other closely related species?
Teilhardina asiatica
China
Earliest Eocene
Teilhardina
Primates that appear in Holartic Continets at beginning of ______ belong to 2 groups _______ and ______
Eocene
adapoids
omomyoids
What do we know about adapoids and omomyoids (3)
definitely primates
probably evolved in SE asia and migrated to Holartic continents
2 groups initially -> rapidly diverge in ecology
how do we know adapoids and omomyoids are primates (3)
grasping hands and feet
nails instead of claws
post orbital bar (“Prosimians”)
List of epochs (6)
Plieistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene
adapoids (3)
larger
diurnal
folivores or furgivores
omomyoids (4)
smaller
nocturnal
insectivores or frugivores
short snout
Tetonius (5)
omomyoid
P-O Bar
larger orbits = nocturnal
insectivore/frugivore (well developed molar shearing)
generalized arboreality
Notharctus
Type?
time?
6 traits?
adapoid
middle Eocene
larger
P-O Bar
small orbits (Diurnal)
folivore and fruigivory (well developed molar shearing)
canine sexual dimorphism = strong male-male competition
grasping hands and feet instead of claws
arboreal quadruped
______ and ______ features suggest adapoids are primitive _______
grooming claws
derived tarsal
strepsirrhines
cladistic analyses suggest that omnomyoids may be most closely related to _____ but evidence is _____
tarsiers
weaker
Eocene ends with ________ in last ______ MYA
Callled?
largest temperature drop; 66 MYA
Eocene/oligocene boundary
Eocene/oligocene boundary caused _______ to be replaced with ______ resulting in _______
tropical forests
temperate grasslands and woodlands
primates go locally extinct
After Eocene/oligocene boundary global temperatures?
What forms? and where?
cool
first ice sheets in Antarctica
China site (4)
Eocene
adapoids and omomtoids
tiny early tarsiers
oldest anthropoids called Eosmias
oldest anthropoids (4)
Eosimias
possible P-O closure
teeth and mandible like living anthropoids
arboreal quadruped
Egypt site
earliest fossil lorises and bush babies
late Eocene in Egypt (4)
earliest catarrhine = catopithecus
2 premolars
still not very large
frugivory but eating leaves as protein source
early oligocene in Egypt (5)
Aegyptopitecus 2 premolars larger less molar shearing (frugivores) arboreal quadruped
late oligocene in Tanzania (2)
Nsungwepithecus earliest cercopithecoid
Rukwaithecus earliest hominoid
Proconsul:
Time?
Place?
5 traits?
Early Miocene East Africa medium sized sexually dimorphic brain size about monkey frugivorus diet no tail above branch arboreal quadrupedalism
Proconsul: close relative _____, but its______ is more like an ______ than an___
It is an ____
hominoid
locomotion
arboreal monkey
ape
early hominoid
Sivapithecus (2)
cranium shows clear divide similarities to Pongo
close relative of orangutans
Eurasia
Hispanopithecus (4)
frugivores diet
thin enamel
highly suspensory arboreal locomotion
early member of great ape or African hominoid clades
SUMMARY:
Primates in ____ before ____
Earliest anthropoids in ____ in ____
Earliest catarrhines in _____ in _____
Cercopithecoid/Hominoid split occurs in ____ during ____
Early fossil great apes in ____ and migrate to ____ by _____
Asia; PETM Asia; Mid Eocene Afro-Arabia; Late Eocene Afro-Arabia; Oligocene Afro-Arabia; Eurasia; Mid Miocene
