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Anthropology (ANT 301) > 2 Primate Evolution > Flashcards

2 Primate Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

220-66 MYA

A

dinosaurs ruled the Earth

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2
Q

66 MYA

A

asteroid hit at the Chicxulub impact center

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3
Q

chicxulub impact marks boundary (3)

A

between Cretaceous and Palogen Periods

Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction

most recent of 5 major mass extinctions in earth history

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4
Q

effect of K-Pg mass extinction (3)

A

non avian dinosaurs and 50-70% of living species go extinct

mammals survive and begin to diversify (into empty niche space)

mammal adaptive radiation

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5
Q

what other mammals are primates most closely related to (2)?

A

Colugos then tree shrews

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6
Q

primates + ______ =

A

dermoptera (colugous); primatomorpha

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7
Q

primates + ______ + ______ =

A

dermoptera (colugous) + scandentia (tree shrews) = euarchonta

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8
Q

Where are Colugos and tree shrews found?

A

only in SE Asia

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9
Q

SE Asia is ____ but ____

A

probably where primates originated, but the fossil record is poor

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10
Q

earliest definite primates appear in fossil record at

what allowed for dispersal?

A

beginning of Eocene epoch 56 mya

sea levels change and continents move; into northern hemisphere

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11
Q

holarctic distribution

A

N America, Europe, and Asia (where primates dispersed)

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12
Q

global temp over _____ is _____

know this through

A

cenozoic; varied

oxygen isotope record

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13
Q

oxygen isotope record

A

predictable relationship between water temp and amnt of heavy oxygen incorporated into CaCO3 Shells

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14
Q

Eocene is the

A

warmest Epoch of teh cenozoic

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15
Q

boundary between _____ and ____ is ________

called _____

A

Paleocene and Eocene; warmest time interval in the last 66 MYA

PETM - Paleocene - Eocene thermal maximum

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16
Q

PETM marked by (3)

A

carbon isotope excursion

indicates massive release of Carbon into biosphere

100 KY period of extreme green house conditions

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17
Q

primates originate in ______ before the ______

A

topics of East or SE Asia before the PETM

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18
Q

very warm conditions of the PETM allow

A

primates to spread out across Holarctic continents

19
Q

primates appear _____ at _____ according to fossil record

A

abruptly; PETM

20
Q 
oldest definite fossil primate:
name?
place?
time?
other closely related species?
A

Teilhardina asiatica
China
Earliest Eocene
Teilhardina

21
Q

Primates that appear in Holartic Continets at beginning of ______ belong to 2 groups _______ and ______

A

Eocene
adapoids
omomyoids

22
Q

What do we know about adapoids and omomyoids (3)

A

definitely primates

probably evolved in SE asia and migrated to Holartic continents

2 groups initially -> rapidly diverge in ecology

23
Q

how do we know adapoids and omomyoids are primates (3)

A

grasping hands and feet
nails instead of claws
post orbital bar (“Prosimians”)

24
Q

List of epochs (6)

A 
Plieistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
25
Q

adapoids (3)

A

larger
diurnal
folivores or furgivores

26
Q

omomyoids (4)

A

smaller
nocturnal
insectivores or frugivores
short snout

27
Q

Tetonius (5)

A

omomyoid

P-O Bar

larger orbits = nocturnal

insectivore/frugivore (well developed molar shearing)

generalized arboreality

28
Q

Notharctus
Type?
time?
6 traits?

A

adapoid

middle Eocene

larger

P-O Bar

small orbits (Diurnal)

folivore and fruigivory (well developed molar shearing)

canine sexual dimorphism = strong male-male competition

grasping hands and feet instead of claws

arboreal quadruped

29
Q

______ and ______ features suggest adapoids are primitive _______

A

grooming claws
derived tarsal
strepsirrhines

30
Q

cladistic analyses suggest that omnomyoids may be most closely related to _____ but evidence is _____

A

tarsiers

weaker

31
Q

Eocene ends with ________ in last ______ MYA

Callled?

A

largest temperature drop; 66 MYA

Eocene/oligocene boundary

32
Q

Eocene/oligocene boundary caused _______ to be replaced with ______ resulting in _______

A

tropical forests
temperate grasslands and woodlands
primates go locally extinct

33
Q

After Eocene/oligocene boundary global temperatures?

What forms? and where?

A

cool

first ice sheets in Antarctica

34
Q

China site (4)

A

Eocene
adapoids and omomtoids
tiny early tarsiers
oldest anthropoids called Eosmias

35
Q

oldest anthropoids (4)

A

Eosimias
possible P-O closure
teeth and mandible like living anthropoids
arboreal quadruped

36
Q

Egypt site

A

earliest fossil lorises and bush babies

37
Q

late Eocene in Egypt (4)

A

earliest catarrhine = catopithecus
2 premolars
still not very large
frugivory but eating leaves as protein source

38
Q

early oligocene in Egypt (5)

A 
Aegyptopitecus
2 premolars
larger
less molar shearing (frugivores)
arboreal quadruped
39
Q

late oligocene in Tanzania (2)

A

Nsungwepithecus earliest cercopithecoid

Rukwaithecus earliest hominoid

40
Q

Proconsul:
Time?
Place?
5 traits?

A 
Early Miocene
East Africa
medium sized
sexually dimorphic 
brain size about monkey
frugivorus diet
no tail
above branch arboreal quadrupedalism
41
Q

Proconsul: close relative _____, but its______ is more like an ______ than an___

It is an ____

A

hominoid
locomotion
arboreal monkey
ape

early hominoid

42
Q

Sivapithecus (2)

A

cranium shows clear divide similarities to Pongo

close relative of orangutans

Eurasia

43
Q

Hispanopithecus (4)

A

frugivores diet

thin enamel

highly suspensory arboreal locomotion

early member of great ape or African hominoid clades

44
Q

SUMMARY:
Primates in ____ before ____
Earliest anthropoids in ____ in ____
Earliest catarrhines in _____ in _____
Cercopithecoid/Hominoid split occurs in ____ during ____
Early fossil great apes in ____ and migrate to ____ by _____

A 
Asia; PETM
Asia; Mid Eocene
Afro-Arabia; Late Eocene
Afro-Arabia; Oligocene
Afro-Arabia; Eurasia; Mid Miocene

Anthropology (ANT 301) (23 decks)

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