2 Primate Evolution

Question 1

220-66 MYA

Answer 1

dinosaurs ruled the Earth

Question 2

66 MYA

Answer 2

asteroid hit at the Chicxulub impact center

Question 3

chicxulub impact marks boundary (3)

Answer 3

between Cretaceous and Palogen Periods

Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction

most recent of 5 major mass extinctions in earth history

Question 4

effect of K-Pg mass extinction (3)

Answer 4

non avian dinosaurs and 50-70% of living species go extinct

mammals survive and begin to diversify (into empty niche space)

mammal adaptive radiation

Question 5

what other mammals are primates most closely related to (2)?

Answer 5

Colugos then tree shrews

Question 6

primates + ______ =

Answer 6

dermoptera (colugous); primatomorpha

Question 7

primates + ______ + ______ =

Answer 7

dermoptera (colugous) + scandentia (tree shrews) = euarchonta

Question 8

Where are Colugos and tree shrews found?

Answer 8

only in SE Asia

Question 9

SE Asia is ____ but ____

Answer 9

probably where primates originated, but the fossil record is poor

Question 10

earliest definite primates appear in fossil record at

what allowed for dispersal?

Answer 10

beginning of Eocene epoch 56 mya

sea levels change and continents move; into northern hemisphere

Question 11

holarctic distribution

Answer 11

N America, Europe, and Asia (where primates dispersed)

Question 12

global temp over _____ is _____

know this through

Answer 12

cenozoic; varied

oxygen isotope record

Question 13

oxygen isotope record

Answer 13

predictable relationship between water temp and amnt of heavy oxygen incorporated into CaCO3 Shells

Question 14

Eocene is the

Answer 14

warmest Epoch of teh cenozoic

Question 15

boundary between _____ and ____ is ________

called _____

Answer 15

Paleocene and Eocene; warmest time interval in the last 66 MYA

PETM - Paleocene - Eocene thermal maximum

Question 16

PETM marked by (3)

Answer 16

carbon isotope excursion

indicates massive release of Carbon into biosphere

100 KY period of extreme green house conditions

Question 17

primates originate in ______ before the ______

Answer 17

topics of East or SE Asia before the PETM

Question 18

very warm conditions of the PETM allow

Answer 18

primates to spread out across Holarctic continents

Question 19

primates appear _____ at _____ according to fossil record

Answer 19

abruptly; PETM

Question 20

oldest definite fossil primate:
name?
place?
time?
other closely related species?

Answer 20

Teilhardina asiatica
China
Earliest Eocene
Teilhardina

Question 21

Primates that appear in Holartic Continets at beginning of ______ belong to 2 groups _______ and ______

Answer 21

Eocene
adapoids
omomyoids

Question 22

What do we know about adapoids and omomyoids (3)

Answer 22

definitely primates

probably evolved in SE asia and migrated to Holartic continents

2 groups initially -> rapidly diverge in ecology

Question 23

how do we know adapoids and omomyoids are primates (3)

Answer 23

grasping hands and feet
nails instead of claws
post orbital bar (“Prosimians”)

Question 24

List of epochs (6)

Answer 24

Plieistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene

Question 25

adapoids (3)

Answer 25

larger diurnal folivores or furgivores

Question 26

omomyoids (4)

Answer 26

smaller nocturnal insectivores or frugivores short snout

Question 27

Tetonius (5)

Answer 27

omomyoid P-O Bar larger orbits = nocturnal insectivore/frugivore (well developed molar shearing) generalized arboreality

Question 28

Notharctus Type? time? 6 traits?

Answer 28

adapoid middle Eocene larger P-O Bar small orbits (Diurnal) folivore and fruigivory (well developed molar shearing) canine sexual dimorphism = strong male-male competition grasping hands and feet instead of claws arboreal quadruped

Question 29

______ and ______ features suggest adapoids are primitive _______

Answer 29

grooming claws derived tarsal strepsirrhines

Question 30

cladistic analyses suggest that omnomyoids may be most closely related to _____ but evidence is _____

Answer 30

tarsiers | weaker

Question 31

Eocene ends with ________ in last ______ MYA Callled?

Answer 31

largest temperature drop; 66 MYA Eocene/oligocene boundary

Question 32

Eocene/oligocene boundary caused _______ to be replaced with ______ resulting in _______

Answer 32

tropical forests temperate grasslands and woodlands primates go locally extinct

Question 33

After Eocene/oligocene boundary global temperatures? What forms? and where?

Answer 33

cool first ice sheets in Antarctica

Question 34

China site (4)

Answer 34

Eocene adapoids and omomtoids tiny early tarsiers oldest anthropoids called Eosmias

Question 35

oldest anthropoids (4)

Answer 35

Eosimias possible P-O closure teeth and mandible like living anthropoids arboreal quadruped

Question 36

Egypt site

Answer 36

earliest fossil lorises and bush babies

Question 37

late Eocene in Egypt (4)

Answer 37

earliest catarrhine = catopithecus 2 premolars still not very large frugivory but eating leaves as protein source

Question 38

early oligocene in Egypt (5)

Answer 38

``` Aegyptopitecus 2 premolars larger less molar shearing (frugivores) arboreal quadruped ```

Question 39

late oligocene in Tanzania (2)

Answer 39

Nsungwepithecus earliest cercopithecoid | Rukwaithecus earliest hominoid

Question 40

Proconsul: Time? Place? 5 traits?

Answer 40

``` Early Miocene East Africa medium sized sexually dimorphic brain size about monkey frugivorus diet no tail above branch arboreal quadrupedalism ```

Question 41

Proconsul: close relative _____, but its______ is more like an ______ than an___ It is an ____

Answer 41

hominoid locomotion arboreal monkey ape early hominoid

Question 42

Sivapithecus (2)

Answer 42

cranium shows clear divide similarities to Pongo close relative of orangutans Eurasia

Question 43

Hispanopithecus (4)

Answer 43

frugivores diet thin enamel highly suspensory arboreal locomotion early member of great ape or African hominoid clades

Question 44

SUMMARY: Primates in ____ before ____ Earliest anthropoids in ____ in ____ Earliest catarrhines in _____ in _____ Cercopithecoid/Hominoid split occurs in ____ during ____ Early fossil great apes in ____ and migrate to ____ by _____

Answer 44

``` Asia; PETM Asia; Mid Eocene Afro-Arabia; Late Eocene Afro-Arabia; Oligocene Afro-Arabia; Eurasia; Mid Miocene ```