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Anthropology (ANT 301) > 2 Primate Ecology > Flashcards

2 Primate Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

primate ecology

A

study of how primates interact with environment including other organisms

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2
Q

most primates live….

A

in the tropics

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3
Q

gallery forest

A

forest along a river

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4
Q

niche

A

ecological role of an organism in its environment

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5
Q

variables of a niche =

A

niche axes

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6
Q

diet

A

combination of foods used to satisfy nutritional needs (proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, water)

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7
Q

main diet categories (4)

A

animals = faunivore, insectivore
gums and sap = gummivore
fruit = frugivores
leaves = folivore

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8
Q

all primates eat fruit except….

A

tarsiers diet os 100% animals

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9
Q

homerange

A

area where a primate/group of primates live

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10
Q

niche axes (5)

A 
diet
locomotion
activity pattern
ranging pattern
predators
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11
Q

home ranges (4 traits)

A 
consistent over time
animals return to same resources during the 
    year
may overlap
no nomadic primates except humans
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12
Q

day range

A

how far you travel in a day

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13
Q

territory

A

actively defended boundary of all or part of the home range

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14
Q

territory (4 traits)

A

conspecifics (members of the same species)
must be kept out
exclusive access
only some primate territorial
maintaining a territory is costly (boundaries
must by patrolled and defended)

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15
Q

locomotion

A

ranging = selected for efficient locomotion

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16
Q

activity pattern

A

time limited

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17
Q

3 ways to divide 24 hrs

A

diurnal
cathemeral (active day and night)
nocturnal

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18
Q

predators

A

things want to eat you

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19
Q

primates share habitats (2)

A 
space and resources must be divided
forest division (understory, main canopy, emergent)
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20
Q

competitive exclusion principle (4)

A

no two organisms can have the same niche
requirements may substantially overlap
one species will eventually out compete the
other
=if two species coexist in one habitat, they
must differ in their niche to avoid
competition

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21
Q

if niche overlaps and two species compete…. (2)

A

area of overlap incorporated into niche of one and other locally extinct

area divided between the two

22
Q

realized niche

A

results as one or both species undergo ecological shift

23
Q

character displacement

A

morphological change that enables 2 species to coexist sympatrically (in some habitats)

24
Q

ecological release/competitive release

A

niche expansion following the removal of a constraining variable (for a species)

25
Q

community ecology

A

study of interactions among species in communities on many spatial and temporal scales

26
Q

communities

A

assemblages of interacting populations of the species (different types of species) living within a particular habitat

27
Q

disease ecology (2)

A

study of interaction of the behavior and ecology of hosts with the biology of pathogens

looks at factors influencing the transmission of infectious diseases (environment, parasite, host)

28
Q

eat fruit pros (4)

A

High in sugar (energy) and nutrients
Do not have to hunt them
Little energy in digestion
Do not need specialized gut

29
Q

eat fruit cons (3)

A

Low in protein
Seasonal (limited in time and space)
Expend more energy in obtaining fruit (must travel farther)

30
Q

eat fruit dental specializations (3)

A

Incisors are relatively large / broad
Low, rounded molar cusps (for crushing and grinding)
Shorter shearing crests

31
Q

eat fruit gut specializations (1)

A

No distinctive specializations

32
Q

eat Leaves pros (4)

A

High in protein
Mature leaves: often not seasonal / readily available year round
Easy to find (no hunting involved)
Expend little energy to get them

33
Q

eat Leaves cons (6)

A

Low in sugars

Young leaves: seasonal

Hard to digest and masticate (high in cellulose), especially mature leaves

Energy expended in digestion but not in finding food

Secondary compounds

Need gut specializations

34
Q

eat Leaves dental specializations (2)

A

Incisors are relatively small / narrow
Well developed shearing crests to “cut”
(shear) leaves

35
Q

eat Leaves gut specializations (2)

A

Sacculated stomach or enlarged colon (which have colonies of microorganisms)

Elongated intestines (to increase digestion time)

36
Q

eat insects pros (2)

A

High in protein & carbohydrates (chitin)

Abundant

37
Q

eat insects cons (4)

A

Hard to catch (must hunt)
Hard to find (cryptic)
Expend energy to obtain them
Can be seasonal

38
Q

eat insects dental specializations (2)

A

Sharp high cusps on molars

Shearing crests well developed

39
Q

eat insects gut specializations (1)

A

Short simple gut

40
Q

seed predators

A

some primates are specialized for consuming and digesting the seeds of unripe fruit

41
Q

secondary compounds

A

Secondary compounds, such as alkaloids and tannins, are chemical components that are not directly involved in typical plant metabolic processes (e.g., growth, photosynthesis, etc.) and often play a protective role

42
Q

chitin

A

tough structural carbohydrate like cellulose in insect exoskeleton

43
Q

graminivorous.

A

Primates whose diets are primarily composed of grasses

44
Q

gummivorous

A

Primates whose diets are primarily composed of plant exudates

45
Q

cheek teeth used for

A

mastication

46
Q

anterior teeth used for

A

ingestion

47
Q

Kay’s Threshold

A

all insectivorous primates are smaller than 500g, while all folivorous primates are larger 500g

48
Q

jarmen bell principle

A

small body -> rare high quality food (small volume of food at a time)

large body -> abundant, low quality food (large volume of food at a time)

49
Q

special aye-aye features (2)

A

chisel shaped incisors to gnaw through wood

long, highly mobile middle finger to catch wood boring insects

50
Q

chimps…

A

hunt

51
Q

IP index (3)

A

incisors/premolars&molars * 100

high = frugivores  
low= folivores

Anthropology (ANT 301) (23 decks)

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