2 FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

Question 1

Functional morphology

Answer 1

the study of the relationship between organismal form and

function

Question 2

proximal part of each limb

Answer 2

humerus or femur

Question 3

distal part

Answer 3

radius

and ulna or tibia and fibula

Question 4

intermembral index (IMI)

Answer 4

ratio of forelimb length to hind limb
length

(Humerus Length + Radius Length)/
(Femur Length + Tibia Length)
x 100

Question 5

locomotion

Answer 5

how an animal

moves

Question 6

postures

Answer 6

animal’s resting position

Question 7

PRONOGRADE POSITIONAL BEHAVIORS o

Answer 7

spine is roughly parallel to the ground or branch

Question 8

Arboreal Quadrupedalism (2)

Answer 8

locomotor pattern involves walking and running on all four limbs along branches

forelimbs and hind limbs of arboreal quadrupeds are
similar in length and relatively short,

Question 9

Terrestrial Quadrupedalism (2)

Answer 9

This locomotor pattern involves using all four limbs to walk and run on the ground

these primates have forelimbs and hind limbs that are similar in length

Question 10

variation of terrestrial quadrupedalism

Answer 10

knuckle-walking - walk quadrupedally on the ground while retaining long, curved fingers that are advantageous for climbing

Question 11

ORTHOGRADE POSITIONAL BEHAVIORS o

Answer 11

spine is roughly vertical to the ground or branch

Question 12

Vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) (2)

Answer 12

This locomotor pattern involves leaping between tree trunks and branches by rapid extension of the hind
limbs

the hind limbs are longer
than forelimbs

Question 13

Suspension (3)

Answer 13

This locomotor pattern involves hanging below arboreal supports using the forelimbs, the hind limbs, or
a combination of forelimbs and hind limbs

limbs function more
in tension than in compression

Suspensory primates have short hind limbs and very long forelimbs

Question 14

Bipedalism (3)

Answer 14

This locomotor pattern involves using only the hind limbs to walk and run on the ground

Humans are the
only efficient bipedal primates

Humans have longer hind limbs than forelimbs.

Question 15

Biomechanics

Answer 15

study of mechanical forces and their effects on living systems.

Question 16

Skeletal muscles

Answer 16

contractile, striated tissues that insert into bones via tendons

Question 17

lever systems

Answer 17

arrangement of muscles around the joints that they move can

be understood using the basic mechanics

Question 18

Axis of rotation (2)

Answer 18

point around which the lever moves

joint

Question 19

Force arm (2)

Answer 19

perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of an
applied force

perpendicular distance between the joint and the line of action of the muscle acting
on that joint

Question 20

Load (or Resistance) arm (2)

Answer 20

perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of
action of a load

perpendicular distance between the joint and the line of action of a
load (e.g. weight of a limb segment, something being held in your hand, etc.)

Question 21

1st class lever

Answer 21

axis between the load and the force.

Question 22

2nd class lever

Answer 22

load between the axis and the force.

Question 23

3rd class lever

Answer 23

force between the axis and the load

Question 24

power of a lever system

is increased by (2)

Answer 24

length of the force arm (rF) is increased relative to the load arm (rl),

smaller forces can move greater loads

Question 25

speed of the system is

increased (2)

Answer 25

length of the force arm is decreased relative to the load arm

greater forces move smaller loads faster

Question 26

BIOMECHANICS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
Three bones articulate
Joint Type
Lever system (2)

Answer 26

the humerus, the ulna, and the radius

hinge joint

first class lever system in extension; and a third class
lever system in flexion

Question 27

Motions that occur at the elbow (humero-ulnar) joint (2)

Answer 27

Flexion - when the angle between two bones is decreased

Extension - occurs when the angle between two bones is increased

Question 28

Flexion and extension at the elbow occurs at the articulation

Answer 28

trochlear notch of the ulna with the

trochlea of the humerus

Question 29

________ muscle is responsible for flexion at the elbow joint, while the
______ muscle is responsible for extension

Answer 29

biceps brachii muscle

triceps brachii muscle

Question 30

olecranon process (elbow)

Answer 30

ulna is where the triceps brachii muscle inserts

Question 31

center of rotation (COR) (elbow)

Answer 31

located within the humeral trochlea

Question 32

force arm (elbow)

Answer 32

distance from the humero-ulnar joint to the end of the olecranon process

Question 33

load arm (elbow)

Answer 33

distance from the humero-ulnar joint to the end of the forearm (where the hand attaches)

Question 34

olecranon-ulnar index (2)

Answer 34

index is a ratio of the lengths of the
olecranon process and the rest of the ulna

(olecranon process length)/
(length of the rest of ulna)
x 100

Question 35

Muscles that are strong and/or continuously active

tend to

Answer 35

leave markings on the areas of bone where they insert

Question 36

deltoid tuberosity (3)

Answer 36

roughened area on the ventro-lateral surface of the humerus where
the deltoid muscle inserts

Due to the near constant
contraction of this muscle, quadrupedal primates have a large, roughened deltoid tuberosity.

The deltoid tuberosity of suspensory, vertical clinging and leaping, and bipedal primates is much less
pronounced.

Question 37

The capitulum (3)

Answer 37

structure on the distal humerus where the radius articulates.

Capitulums
that are rounded or globe-shaped with high bony walls or lips indicate a stable articulation
between the humerus and radius

Capitulums that are relatively flat with
minimal to no separation from the trochlea restrict pronation-supination movements.