2 FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Functional morphology

A

the study of the relationship between organismal form and

function

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2
Q

proximal part of each limb

A

humerus or femur

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3
Q

distal part

A

radius

and ulna or tibia and fibula

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4
Q

intermembral index (IMI)

A

ratio of forelimb length to hind limb
length

(Humerus Length + Radius Length)/
(Femur Length + Tibia Length)
x 100

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5
Q

locomotion

A

how an animal

moves

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6
Q

postures

A

animal’s resting position

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7
Q

PRONOGRADE POSITIONAL BEHAVIORS o

A

spine is roughly parallel to the ground or branch

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8
Q

Arboreal Quadrupedalism (2)

A

locomotor pattern involves walking and running on all four limbs along branches

forelimbs and hind limbs of arboreal quadrupeds are
similar in length and relatively short,

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9
Q

Terrestrial Quadrupedalism (2)

A

This locomotor pattern involves using all four limbs to walk and run on the ground

these primates have forelimbs and hind limbs that are similar in length

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10
Q

variation of terrestrial quadrupedalism

A

knuckle-walking - walk quadrupedally on the ground while retaining long, curved fingers that are advantageous for climbing

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11
Q

ORTHOGRADE POSITIONAL BEHAVIORS o

A

spine is roughly vertical to the ground or branch

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12
Q

Vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) (2)

A

This locomotor pattern involves leaping between tree trunks and branches by rapid extension of the hind
limbs

the hind limbs are longer
than forelimbs

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13
Q

Suspension (3)

A

This locomotor pattern involves hanging below arboreal supports using the forelimbs, the hind limbs, or
a combination of forelimbs and hind limbs

limbs function more
in tension than in compression

Suspensory primates have short hind limbs and very long forelimbs

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14
Q

Bipedalism (3)

A

This locomotor pattern involves using only the hind limbs to walk and run on the ground

Humans are the
only efficient bipedal primates

Humans have longer hind limbs than forelimbs.

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15
Q

Biomechanics

A

study of mechanical forces and their effects on living systems.

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16
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

contractile, striated tissues that insert into bones via tendons

17
Q

lever systems

A

arrangement of muscles around the joints that they move can

be understood using the basic mechanics

18
Q

Axis of rotation (2)

A

point around which the lever moves

joint

19
Q

Force arm (2)

A

perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of an
applied force

perpendicular distance between the joint and the line of action of the muscle acting
on that joint

20
Q

Load (or Resistance) arm (2)

A

perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of
action of a load

perpendicular distance between the joint and the line of action of a
load (e.g. weight of a limb segment, something being held in your hand, etc.)

21
Q

1st class lever

A

axis between the load and the force.

22
Q

2nd class lever

A

load between the axis and the force.

23
Q

3rd class lever

A

force between the axis and the load

24
Q

power of a lever system

is increased by (2)

A

length of the force arm (rF) is increased relative to the load arm (rl),

smaller forces can move greater loads

25
Q

speed of the system is

increased (2)

A

length of the force arm is decreased relative to the load arm

greater forces move smaller loads faster

26
Q

BIOMECHANICS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
Three bones articulate
Joint Type
Lever system (2)

A

the humerus, the ulna, and the radius

hinge joint

first class lever system in extension; and a third class
lever system in flexion
27
Q

Motions that occur at the elbow (humero-ulnar) joint (2)

A

Flexion - when the angle between two bones is decreased

Extension - occurs when the angle between two bones is increased

28
Q

Flexion and extension at the elbow occurs at the articulation

A

trochlear notch of the ulna with the

trochlea of the humerus

29
Q

________ muscle is responsible for flexion at the elbow joint, while the
______ muscle is responsible for extension

A

biceps brachii muscle

triceps brachii muscle

30
Q

olecranon process (elbow)

A

ulna is where the triceps brachii muscle inserts

31
Q

center of rotation (COR) (elbow)

A

located within the humeral trochlea

32
Q

force arm (elbow)

A

distance from the humero-ulnar joint to the end of the olecranon process

33
Q

load arm (elbow)

A

distance from the humero-ulnar joint to the end of the forearm (where the hand attaches)

34
Q

olecranon-ulnar index (2)

A

index is a ratio of the lengths of the
olecranon process and the rest of the ulna

(olecranon process length)/
(length of the rest of ulna)
x 100

35
Q

Muscles that are strong and/or continuously active

tend to

A

leave markings on the areas of bone where they insert

36
Q

deltoid tuberosity (3)

A

roughened area on the ventro-lateral surface of the humerus where
the deltoid muscle inserts

Due to the near constant
contraction of this muscle, quadrupedal primates have a large, roughened deltoid tuberosity.

The deltoid tuberosity of suspensory, vertical clinging and leaping, and bipedal primates is much less
pronounced.

37
Q

The capitulum (3)

A

structure on the distal humerus where the radius articulates.

Capitulums
that are rounded or globe-shaped with high bony walls or lips indicate a stable articulation
between the humerus and radius

Capitulums that are relatively flat with
minimal to no separation from the trochlea restrict pronation-supination movements.