Human Evolution

Question 1

LCA of Pan and Homo

Answer 1

6-8 MYA

Question 2

core adaptations (4)

Answer 2

bipedality and canine reduction
tool use - megadonty
striding
symbolism - art - “culture”

Question 3

Raymond Dart:
found? (two names)
where?
2 features?
scientific reaction?

Answer 3

Taung child; Australopithecus africanus (juvenile)

Taung Site (Africa)

endocast more human than ape like
foramen magnum placed forward = evidence for bipedalism

rejected this

Question 4

Piltdown man:
characteristics (2)
catch?

Answer 4

ape like face; human like brain

it was a hoax: chimera made of modern human bits and modern orangutan bits

Question 5

Robert Broom:
Site?
Name (3)?
Characteristics (2)?

Answer 5

Sterkfontein

Adult Au. africanus cranium (“Mrs. Ples”); STS5

like chimp: small brain and prognathic (projecting jaws)

Question 6

over the course of evolution size and robusticity of facial skeleton ______ and brain size ______

Answer 6

decreases

increases

Question 7

post-cranial remains of Au. africanus shows

Answer 7

bipedalism

Question 8

post-cranial remains of Au. africanus shows _________ with Homo

Answer 8

pelvis and lumbar spine show clear functionally significant synapomorphies with Homo

Question 9

3 characteristics of spine and pelvis for bipedalism

Answer 9

lumbar lordosis (lower back curves in)
short ilium
laterally directed ilium (curved around)

Question 10

Understanding Bipedalism:

back adaptation?

Answer 10

lordosis shifts the upper body over the feet which shifts the center of gravity

Question 11

Understanding Bipedalism:

pelvis adaptation/shape? (3)

Answer 11

pelvis in quadruped is a different shape
in pan - oriented dorso ventrally
in Homo - laterally oriented

Question 12

General idea about bipedal adaptations

Answer 12

change anatomy of a site where a muscle attaches to a bone, change action of muscle

Question 13

Understanding Bipedalism:

lesser gluteal muscles (2)

Answer 13

primitive function is to extend leg at hip during quadrupedalism

derived: modified in Au. Africanus and modern humans to maintain balance during bipedalism

Question 14

in sum: Au. africanus (2)

which means?

Answer 14

primitive ape-like cranium
bipedal like modern humans

bipedalism is the first major adaptive shift in becoming human

Question 15

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Family =

Answer 15

Hominidae -> African hominoids

Question 16

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Subfamily (3)

Answer 16

Gorillinae -> Gorilla
Paninae -> Pan
Homininae

Question 17

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Tribes (2)

Answer 17

Australopithecini -> early fossil hominins

Hominini -> living and fossil Homo

Question 18

4 early hominin adaptations

and their classifications

Answer 18

habitual bipedal locomotion
thick enamel
reduced canines
large molars (relative to anterior teeth)

first three derived; last one derived and different from Homo

Question 19

Where did the 4 early hominin adaptations occur?

Answer 19

Africa

Question 20

At Lake Chad:
Name?
6 characteristics

Answer 20

Sahelanthropus tchadnesis

massive thick supraorbital bones (like gorilla)
very small endocranial volume
small molars
not like most Australopithecines
intermediate enamel thickness
intermediate canine size with apical wear

Question 21

About canines:
Chimps and other apes (2)
Modern humans (2)

Answer 21

sharp projecting canines; hones

canines incisiform; apical

Question 22

Sahelanthropus tchadnesis is…

Answer 22

earliest biped anthroped

Question 23

East African Rift Valley (1)

Answer 23

Ardipithecus ramidus

Question 24

Ardipithecus ramidus:
5 traits
1 other name

Answer 24

foramean magnum shifted foward
very primitive cranium
small brain
had arboreal climbing adaptations
bipedal when on ground (not knuckle walking)

Ardi

Question 25

First core of Early hominins

Answer 25

Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus

Question 26

Second Set of Core adaptations

Answer 26

tool use | megadonty (really big teeth)

Question 27

Second core of Early hominins

Answer 27

Australopithecus Kenyanthroupus Paraanthropus

Question 28

3 Australopithecus species

Answer 28

anamensis afarensis africanus

Question 29

Extra name for Australopithecus afarensis

Answer 29

Lucy

Question 30

Australopithecus africanus (3 traits)

Answer 30

primitive ape like cranium bipedal like modern humans bipedalism is the first major adaptation

Question 31

In Dikika: what? when? means?

Answer 31

bones with cut marks 3.4 MYA evidence of tool use

Question 32

Knowledge of Dikika tools is...

Answer 32

limited because of context (stone tools just lying on the surface)

Question 33

``` In Lommeki: What? When? Where? Important point? ```

Answer 33

Lomekwian stone tools 3.3 MYA Kenya found in context (in a matrix)

Question 34

Lomekwian stone tools: are? features (3)? major point?

Answer 34

simplest possible stone tools you can manufacture big, crude, unknown use basic stone tools present by 3.3 MYA

Question 35

Ethiopia: what's here? when? called (4)?

Answer 35

new kind of stone tools 2.5 MYA Oldowan tool industry, Mode 1, Early Stone Age, Lower Paleolithic

Question 36

Classic Oldowan tool? Characteristics? possible use?

Answer 36

pebble chopper + flakes easy to make but more complex and planned than Lomekwian animal bones showing evidence of systematic butchery

Question 37

Australopithecus garhi importance? traits?

Answer 37

hominin in same place as animal bones | typical Australopithecine

Question 38

early stone tools (3)

Answer 38

first made by hominins with ape-sized brains used to butcher animals used for hunting or scavenging (prob scavenging)

Question 39

chimp stone tools are

Answer 39

not very modified and thus hard to distinguish from ordinary rocks

Question 40

Austrolopithecus garhi leg

Answer 40

length increased = get more efficient bipedalism with larger stride

Question 41

from ___ to ____ MYA there was ______ in brain size cranium that is _____ with _____ facial skeleton cheek teeth: (2 traits + 2 implications) canines: (2 traits + 3 implications habitually ____, retain _____ adaptations

Answer 41

7; 3; not much increase prognathic; large robust thick enamel and large = suggests new diet of tougher food/needs to be more resistant to wear smaller, less honing facet (decreases competition, new diet, tool use) bipedal, climbing

Question 42

Hypotheses for Evolution of Bipedalism (2)

Answer 42

Greater efficiency - knuckle walking inefficient, bipedal highly efficient endurance running - good at running for slow speeds for a long time over long distances/ persistence hunting

Question 43

Why become bipedal? (2)

Answer 43

changing environment - expansion of grasslands in East Africa from 5 MYA to present maybe bipedalism is initially a compromise for living in Savanna and forest/woodland

Question 44

Au. Adaptations derived and like homo (4) derived and different from homo (1 - with 3 parts)

Answer 44

habitual biped thick enamel reduced canines tool use large molars -> megadonty -> extreme megadonty

Question 45

Oldurai Gorge: | What was found here (2)

Answer 45

first oldowan tools | Paranthopus boisei

Question 46

Paranthopus boisei (6)

Answer 46

``` orthognathic enormous cheek teeth sagittal crest small brain larger temporal fossa robust australopithcine ```

Question 47

Paranthopus (5)

Answer 47

``` extinct by 1 MYA extreme megadonty robust australopithcine sexual dimorphism tool use? ```

Question 48

Paranthopus sexual dimorphism (2)

Answer 48

high levels of male contest competition for mates males and females in different niches

Question 49

change in chewing adaptations suggest change in

Answer 49

diet

Question 50

ancestral -> derived (most australopiths) ripe fruit -> thinner enamel -> smaller cheek teeth ->

Answer 50

tougher harder and/or more abrasive food items thicker enamel larger cheek teeth