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Anthropology (ANT 301) > Human Evolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

LCA of Pan and Homo

A

6-8 MYA

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2
Q

core adaptations (4)

A

bipedality and canine reduction
tool use - megadonty
striding
symbolism - art - “culture”

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3
Q 
Raymond Dart:
found? (two names)
where?
2 features?
scientific reaction?
A

Taung child; Australopithecus africanus (juvenile)

Taung Site (Africa)

endocast more human than ape like
foramen magnum placed forward = evidence for bipedalism

rejected this

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4
Q

Piltdown man:
characteristics (2)
catch?

A

ape like face; human like brain

it was a hoax: chimera made of modern human bits and modern orangutan bits

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5
Q

Robert Broom:
Site?
Name (3)?
Characteristics (2)?

A

Sterkfontein

Adult Au. africanus cranium (“Mrs. Ples”); STS5

like chimp: small brain and prognathic (projecting jaws)

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6
Q

over the course of evolution size and robusticity of facial skeleton ______ and brain size ______

A

decreases

increases

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7
Q

post-cranial remains of Au. africanus shows

A

bipedalism

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8
Q

post-cranial remains of Au. africanus shows _________ with Homo

A

pelvis and lumbar spine show clear functionally significant synapomorphies with Homo

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9
Q

3 characteristics of spine and pelvis for bipedalism

A 
lumbar lordosis (lower back curves in)
short ilium
laterally directed ilium (curved around)
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10
Q

Understanding Bipedalism:

back adaptation?

A

lordosis shifts the upper body over the feet which shifts the center of gravity

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11
Q

Understanding Bipedalism:

pelvis adaptation/shape? (3)

A

pelvis in quadruped is a different shape
in pan - oriented dorso ventrally
in Homo - laterally oriented

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12
Q

General idea about bipedal adaptations

A

change anatomy of a site where a muscle attaches to a bone, change action of muscle

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13
Q

Understanding Bipedalism:

lesser gluteal muscles (2)

A

primitive function is to extend leg at hip during quadrupedalism

derived: modified in Au. Africanus and modern humans to maintain balance during bipedalism

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14
Q

in sum: Au. africanus (2)

which means?

A

primitive ape-like cranium
bipedal like modern humans

bipedalism is the first major adaptive shift in becoming human

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15
Q

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Family =

A

Hominidae -> African hominoids

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16
Q

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Subfamily (3)

A

Gorillinae -> Gorilla
Paninae -> Pan
Homininae

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17
Q

Taxonomy (scientific and common):

Tribes (2)

A

Australopithecini -> early fossil hominins

Hominini -> living and fossil Homo

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18
Q

4 early hominin adaptations

and their classifications

A

habitual bipedal locomotion
thick enamel
reduced canines
large molars (relative to anterior teeth)

first three derived; last one derived and different from Homo

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19
Q

Where did the 4 early hominin adaptations occur?

A

Africa

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20
Q

At Lake Chad:
Name?
6 characteristics

A

Sahelanthropus tchadnesis

massive thick supraorbital bones (like gorilla)
very small endocranial volume
small molars
not like most Australopithecines
intermediate enamel thickness
intermediate canine size with apical wear

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21
Q

About canines:
Chimps and other apes (2)
Modern humans (2)

A

sharp projecting canines; hones

canines incisiform; apical

22
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadnesis is…

A

earliest biped anthroped

23
Q

East African Rift Valley (1)

A

Ardipithecus ramidus

24
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus:
5 traits
1 other name

A 
foramean magnum shifted foward
very primitive cranium
small brain
had arboreal climbing adaptations
bipedal when on ground (not knuckle walking)

Ardi

25
Q

First core of Early hominins

A

Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus

26
Q

Second Set of Core adaptations

A

tool use

megadonty (really big teeth)

27
Q

Second core of Early hominins

A

Australopithecus
Kenyanthroupus
Paraanthropus

28
Q

3 Australopithecus species

A

anamensis
afarensis
africanus

29
Q

Extra name for Australopithecus afarensis

A

Lucy

30
Q

Australopithecus africanus (3 traits)

A

primitive ape like cranium
bipedal like modern humans
bipedalism is the first major adaptation

31
Q

In Dikika:
what?
when?
means?

A

bones with cut marks
3.4 MYA
evidence of tool use

32
Q

Knowledge of Dikika tools is…

A

limited because of context (stone tools just lying on the surface)

33
Q 
In Lommeki:
What?
When?
Where?
Important point?
A

Lomekwian stone tools
3.3 MYA
Kenya
found in context (in a matrix)

34
Q

Lomekwian stone tools:
are?
features (3)?
major point?

A

simplest possible stone tools you can manufacture
big, crude, unknown use
basic stone tools present by 3.3 MYA

35
Q

Ethiopia:
what’s here?
when?
called (4)?

A

new kind of stone tools
2.5 MYA
Oldowan tool industry, Mode 1, Early Stone Age, Lower Paleolithic

36
Q

Classic Oldowan tool?
Characteristics?
possible use?

A

pebble chopper + flakes

easy to make but more complex and planned than Lomekwian

animal bones showing evidence of systematic butchery

37
Q

Australopithecus garhi
importance?
traits?

A

hominin in same place as animal bones

typical Australopithecine

38
Q

early stone tools (3)

A

first made by hominins with ape-sized brains
used to butcher animals
used for hunting or scavenging (prob scavenging)

39
Q

chimp stone tools are

A

not very modified and thus hard to distinguish from ordinary rocks

40
Q

Austrolopithecus garhi leg

A

length increased = get more efficient bipedalism with larger stride

41
Q

from ___ to ____ MYA there was ______ in brain size

cranium that is _____ with _____ facial skeleton

cheek teeth: (2 traits + 2 implications)

canines: (2 traits + 3 implications

habitually ____, retain _____ adaptations

A

7; 3; not much increase

prognathic; large robust

thick enamel and large = suggests new diet of tougher food/needs to be more resistant to wear

smaller, less honing facet (decreases competition, new
diet, tool use)

bipedal, climbing

42
Q

Hypotheses for Evolution of Bipedalism (2)

A

Greater efficiency - knuckle walking inefficient, bipedal highly efficient

endurance running - good at running for slow speeds for a long time over long distances/ persistence hunting

43
Q

Why become bipedal? (2)

A

changing environment - expansion of grasslands in East Africa from 5 MYA to present

maybe bipedalism is initially a compromise for living in Savanna and forest/woodland

44
Q

Au. Adaptations
derived and like homo (4)
derived and different from homo (1 - with 3 parts)

A

habitual biped
thick enamel
reduced canines
tool use

large molars -> megadonty -> extreme megadonty

45
Q

Oldurai Gorge:

What was found here (2)

A

first oldowan tools

Paranthopus boisei

46
Q

Paranthopus boisei (6)

A 
orthognathic
enormous cheek teeth 
sagittal crest
small brain
larger temporal fossa
robust australopithcine
47
Q

Paranthopus (5)

A 
extinct by 1 MYA
extreme megadonty
robust australopithcine
sexual dimorphism
tool use?
48
Q

Paranthopus sexual dimorphism (2)

A

high levels of male contest competition for mates

males and females in different niches

49
Q

change in chewing adaptations suggest change in

A

diet

50
Q

ancestral -> derived (most australopiths)
ripe fruit ->
thinner enamel ->
smaller cheek teeth ->

A

tougher harder and/or more abrasive food items
thicker enamel
larger cheek teeth

Anthropology (ANT 301) (23 decks)

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