Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Final Med > Presenting complaint and ddx > Flashcards

Presenting complaint and ddx Flashcards

1
Q

headache

A
  1. vascular: subarachnoid heamorrhage, heamatoma (subdural or extradural), cerebral venous thrombosis, cerebellar infarct.
  2. infection: meningitis, encephalitis
  3. vision threatening: temporal arthritis, acute glaucoma, cavernous sinus thrombosis, pituitary apoplexy, posterior leucoencephalopathy
  4. Intercranial pressure: SOL (tumour abcess or cyst), cerebral oedema (trauma or altitude), hydrocephalus, malignant hypertension, idiopathic intercranial hypertension
  5. Dissection: carotid artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ddx non-sinister headache

A
  1. Tension type headache
  2. Migraine
  3. Sinusitis
  4. medication overdose
  5. TMJ syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Confusion (delirium)

A
  1. infection: (chest, urinary, enchalitis, brain abcess, sepsis)
  2. Drugs: diuretics, thyroid medication, digoxin or withdrawal from medications)
  3. metabolic: electrolyte disturbances (hypercapnia, Na, thiamine)
  4. trauma: subdural or extradural heamatoma
  5. stroke or MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blackout

A
  1. reflex (vasovagal response)
  2. cardiac (rhythm or outlet obstruction) Arrythmias
  3. orthostatic - drugs (antihypertensives and antisympathetics)
  4. cerebralvascular (vertebral basilar insufficiency)
  5. non-syncopal: intoxication and head trauma, metabolic, epilepsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lateral neck lump

A

think anatomically:
Artery: carotid artery aneurysm, subclavian artery aneurysm, carotid body tumour
nerves: neurofibromas or schwannoma
Lymphatic: malformation
lymphoma, infection
salivatory glands: infection, autoimmune, neoplasm
larynx: laryngocele
pharynx: pharngeal pouch
branchial arch remanant: brachial cyst/ sinus/ fistula
skin or superficial subcutaneous: lipoma, epidermal cyst, abcess, dermiod cyst.
muscle. cartilage. bone: sarcoma, cervical rib, torticollis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

midline neck lump

A
  1. Thyriod: physiological goitre, multinodular goitre, graves’ disease, hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroglossal cyst
  2. non-thyriod:lipoma, dermoid cyst, epidermal cyst, abcess, lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

heamatemesis

A
  1. inflammation: stomach (gastritis)/ duodenitis
  2. esophagus (oesophagitis, trauma, boerhaave’s oesphagus performation) varices cancer
  3. mallory weiss tears
  4. stomach cancer
  5. arteriovenous malformations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

high dysphagia

A

functional: stroke, parkinson’s disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy
Structural: mural (cancer, pharyngeal pouch, cricopharyngeal bar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

low dysphagia

A

functional: achalsia, chagas’ disease, nutcracker oesophagus, diffuse esophageal spasm, CREST syndrome

structural:
lumen: foreign body
mural: cancer, stricture, plummer vinson syndrome, schatzki ring, congenital atresia, post-fundoplication
Extrinsic: mediastinal mass, retrosternal goitre, bronchial carcinoma, thoracic aortic aneurysm, pericardial effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

acute cough

A

dry: asthma, rhinitis/sinusitis with post nasal drip, upper respiratory tract infection, drug induced (ACE inh), lung cancer
productive: lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia, bronchitis)
COPD, TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chronic cough

A

dry: asthma, GORD, post nasal drip, smoking, lung cancer, COPD,
productive: bronchiectasis, TB, lung cancer, recurrent aspiration, Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

heamoptysis

A
  1. Infective: TB, pneumonia, lung abcess, mycetoma
  2. neoplasticism: primary lung cancer or met
  3. vascular: pulmonary embolism, bleeding tendency, vascular bronchial fistula
  4. inflammatory: goodpastures syndrome., granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hereditary heamorrhagic telangiectasia
  5. degenerative: bronchiectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chest pain

A
  1. musculoskeletal inflammation
  2. heart: ACS, pericarditis, stable angina, vasospasm (cocaine)
  3. PE
  4. pancreatitis and cholcystitis
  5. Aortic dissection/ aneurysm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

shortness of breath

A
  1. insufficient air getting into the lungs:
    obstruction: asthma, COPD, tumour, airway oedema
    intra thoracic: pneumothorax., PEffusion
    extrathoracic: chest wall abnormality (pectus excavatum, kyphoscoliosis)
  2. not enough air getting into the blood:
    alveolar damage: emphysema, interstitial lung disease
    fluid between the alveolar wall and the capillary
    oedema (heart/liver/ kidney failure)
    inflammation (pneumonia)
  3. insufficient O2 getting around the body
    CO= heart failure, aortic stenosis, immobility
    Anaemia
    shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ddx of SOB based on time frame seconds to minutes

A

seconds to minutes

  1. bronchospasm (asthma or COPD)
  2. anaphylaxis
  3. laryngeal oedema
  4. pulmonary embolism
  5. acute epiglottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SOB time frame hours to days

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. heart failure
  3. pleural effusion
  4. ARDs
  5. post op atelectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SOB weeks to months

A
  1. COPD
  2. Chronic asthma
  3. Heart failure
  4. Pulmonary fibrosis
  5. anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Breast Lump

A
  1. benign cystic change
  2. fibroadenoma
  3. cyst
  4. carcinoma
  5. other: phyllodes tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epigastric pain

A
  1. pancreas: acute pancreatitis
  2. stomach: PUD (perforation), gastritis/ doudenitis, borhaaves perforation
  3. heart: MI
  4. Aorta: AAA
  5. Bowel: mesentaric ischemia
  6. gallbladder: cholecystitis (acute/ ascending) biliary colic
  7. Lung: basal pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nausea and vomiting based on Brain centres

A
  1. vestibular system- BPPV, labrinthitis, motion sickness, Meniere’s disease
  2. CNS- pain, anxiety, raised ICP, meningitis, encephalitis
  3. chemoreceptors trigger zone= meds, alcohol, e-, toxins
  4. CN 9 and 10 - GI obstruction, GI infection, inflammation of the diaphragm, inflammation of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

female of reproductive age vomiting

A

pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

acute (less than one month) vomiting

A
  1. abdominal pain with fever- gastritis, food poisoning, appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis, pancreatitis
    without fever- SBO, DKA, drug SE or overdose, mesentaric ischemia, MI, testicular torsion
  2. headache- meningitis, raised ICP, SOL, migraine
  3. Vértigo- labyrinthitis, meniere, BPPV, acoustic neuroma
  4. shortly after food- gastric outlet obstruction,
  5. none- drug SE, anxiety, hyperthyroid, renal failure plus uremia, cyclic vomiting syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chronic (greater than 1 month) vomiting

A 
weight loss- upper GI obstruction (esophageal cancer) 
or functional (motor neuron disease), coeliac disease 
no weight loss- oesophagitis, and pharyngeal pouch
24
Q

Jaundice ddx

A
  1. pre hepatic- intravascular haemolysis
    congenital: G6DPH def, PK def, sickle cell, thalassemia
    acquired: artificial heart valves, blood group mismatch, DIC, malaria, HELLP syndrome, meds
    extravascular: congenital: hereditary spherocytosis,
    acquired: autoimmune haemolysis
  2. hepatic: reduced hepatic uptake: cholycystographic contrast agents, portosystemic shunts to bypass the cirrhosis liver
    congenital: gilbert’s syndrome, Crigler- Najjar syndrome
    infection: viral hep, bacterial hep (leptospirosis, Weil’s disease), ascending cholangitis, liver abcess, tapeworm infection
    neoplasm: metastatic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer,
    vascular Budd Chiari
    autoimmune hepatitis
    wilson’s disease and heamachromotosis
    rifampcin
  3. posthepatic
    gallstones, cholecystectomy, PBC, cholangiocarcinoma
    COCP, nitrofurtoin, co-amox
25
Q

right upper quadrant pain

A
  1. Liver= hep, biliary colic, cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis
  2. duodenal ulcer = gastritis
  3. Pancreas- pancreatitis
  4. Appendix appendicitis
  5. Kidney= pyloenephritis
  6. bowel- small bowel obstruction
  7. lung- pneumonia
26
Q

right illiac fossa pain

A
  1. Appendicitis
  2. bowel- gastroenteritis, constipation, Meckels diverticulitis, DKA, cae cal volvulous
  3. kidneys- ureteric colic , pyleonephritis, UTI
  4. inguinal/ genital: testicular torsion, femoral hernia, ectopic pregnancy, posas abcess
  5. pancreas and bile duct- acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis
27
Q

left illiac fossa pain

A
  1. large bowel= acute diverticulitis, constipation, IBD, ischaemic colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, sigmoid perforated carcinoma, IBS
  2. aorta: AAA leaking
  3. kidney: pyelonephritis and UTI. ureteric colic
  4. DKA
28
Q

Flank pain

A
  1. muscular sprain or spinal pathology
  2. kidney: nephrolithiasis, ureteric colic, pyelonephritis
  3. AAA leaking
  4. testicular torsion
29
Q

Constipation

A
  1. abnormal peristalsis- IBS, Meds, hypothyriodism, hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia
  2. hard faeces- lack of fibre or dehydration
  3. bowel obstruction- colorectal adenocarcinoma, sigmoid volvulus, other pelvic masses, chron’sm diverticulitis
  4. not pushing- haemorrhoids, anal fissure, pelvic floor dysfunction
30
Q

diarrhoea

A
  1. infection
  2. inflammation= IBS, chron’s, UC
  3. increased bowel motility hyperthyroid
  4. malabsorption= coeliac, CF (pancreatic insufficiency)
  5. obstruction and overflow- chronic constipation
  6. meds antibiotic and laxatives
31
Q

rectal bleeding

A
  1. anorectal = haemorrhoids, tumour (rectal/anal), anal fissure, rectal varices, and fistula
  2. colonic: diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, colitis, colonic tumour, latrogenic (endoscopic biopsy, anatomical leak) and vasculitis
  3. illeo- jejunal- PUD (plus meckels), coeliac, aorto-enteric fistula, crohn’s disease
  4. upper GI - Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, varices, mallory weiss, osler weber rendu syndrome
32
Q

poor urinary output

A
  1. prerenal - hypovolemia, hypotension, heart failure
  2. renal-
    tubular causes- acute tubular necrosis
    glomerular- glomerulonephritis
    interstitial- interstitial nephritis (NSAIDS or ABX)
    vascular- vasculatides, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, TTP- thrombocytes thrombocytopenic purpura, DIC, malignant hypertension
    infection- malaria, legionnaires disease, leptospirosis
    complex- Multiple myeloma
  3. post renal=
    ureter- obstruction, bilateral calculi, retroperitoneal fibrosis
    bladder- neuropathic bladder
    urethra- BPH, blocked catheter, stricture, posterior urethral valve, infection, trauma
33
Q

polyuria ddx

A
  1. diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus
  2. diuretics
  3. heart failure
  4. hyperthyriodism
  5. electrolyte: hypokalaemia hypercalcaemia
34
Q

groin lump ddx

A
  1. testicle- ectopic testis, undescended testis, hydrocele of cord
  2. lymph node- lympadenopathy
  3. hernial orifices- inguinal hernia, femoral hernia
  4. femoral artery (aneurysm) and nerve (neuroma) and vein (sapiens varix)
  5. skin/subcutis = lipoma, infected abscess, sebaceous cyst.
35
Q

scrotal mass algorithm can not get above the scrotal mass

A

algorithm: can I get above it? no = inguinoscrotal hernia

36
Q

scrotal mass algorithm Can get above it and it is not separate from the testis and the mass is transilluminable

A

hydrocele

37
Q

scrotal mass you can get above it, it is not separate from the testes and the mass is not transilluminable and it is tender

A

torsion, orchitis, epididymorchitis, acute heamatocele

38
Q

scrotal mass that you can get above it, it is not separate from the testes, it is not transilluminable, and it is not tender

A

cancer, chronic haematocele, and gumma

39
Q

scrotal mass that you can get above it, it is separate from the testes it is transilluminable

A

epididymal cyst, acute idiopathic scrotal oedema

40
Q

scrotal mass that you can get above it and it is separate from the testes, it is not transilluminable and it is tender

A

acute epididymitiis

torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni

41
Q

scrotal mass you are able to get above it, it is separate from the testes, it is not transilluminable, it is not tender

A

TB epididymitis

post vasectomy sperm granuloma

42
Q

limb weakness sudden onset

A
  1. brain ischeamic stroke, TIA, haemorrhagic stroke, hemiplegic migraine, Todd’s palsy, hypoglycaemia
  2. spinal cord- spinal disc prolapse, spinal cod transaction, spinal cord infarction
  3. Nerve root- spinal disc prolapse, cerebral fracture
  4. P. Nerve- acute limb ischaemia, tramatic nerve injury
43
Q

limb weakness subacute onset (hours to days)

A
  1. brain multiple sclerosis, heamatoma, tumour, abcess
  2. spinal cord- M.S, tumour, transverse myelitis, Guillian Barre, poliomyelitis
  3. Neuromuscular junction botulism and tetanus
44
Q

gradual onset (weeks to months) limb weakness

A
  1. Spine= spinal canal stenosis, B12 deficiency
  2. P.Nerve= D.M, vasculitis
  3. Neuromuscular junction= Myasthemia gravis and Lambert Eaton syndrome, Myositis
45
Q

acute joint pain

A

articular- trauma, gout, pseudogout, septic arthritis, seronegative spondyloartropathy, transient synovitis, SLE, sarcoidosis
peri articular- ligament injury, tendinitis, bursitis, fasciitis, epicondylitis
non-articular- nerve entrapment, radiculopathy, bone malignancy, osteomyelitis, vasculopathy

46
Q

leg ulcer

A
  1. venous ulcer
  2. Mixed
  3. arterial
  4. pressure
  5. neuropathic ulcer
  6. malignancy (marjolin, squamous cell carcinoma
47
Q

bilateral leg swelling

A
  1. right heart failure
  2. lymphoedema
  3. venous insufficiency
  4. pregnancy
  5. vasodilators (ca channel blockers) ]
    hypoalbuminaemia from renal failure (nephrotic syndrome)
48
Q

Causes of dysphagia (long list)

A 
intra luminal: 
FB, polyploid tumours, oesophageal inflammation, infection 
extraluminal
intramural: 
strictures, malignant, achalasia, webbing, nutcracker esophagus, diffuse spasm, scleroderma, presbyoesphagus 
extramural
pharyngeal pouch 
rolling hiatus hernia 
malignancy 
retrosternal goitre 
vascular structures 
systemic causes: MG, MS, PD, Pseudobulbar palsy, psych, MND
49
Q

What is your ddx for epigastric pain:

A 
Peptic ulcer disease
pancreatitis 
acute cholecystitis 
pain of cardiac origin 
perforation of PU 
gastritis
50
Q

LUQ pain

A

peptic ulcer
splenic infarction or injury
pancreatitis

51
Q

CENTRAL abdominal pain

A 
early appendicitis
mesentaric adenitis 
SBO
pancreatitis 
ischemic bowel
52
Q

LIF pain

A 
diverticulitis 
ureteric colic 
ectopic pregnancy 
PID 
ovarian cyst 
testicular torsion
53
Q

Supra pubic pain

A

ÚTI and retention

gyn causes

54
Q

RIF pain

A 
appendicitis 
mesentaric adenitis 
Chrons inflammatory mass
Meckels 
ectopic pregnancy 
ovarian cyst 
PID
ureteric colic
55
Q

RUQ pain

A 
acute cholecystokinin 
PUD
cholangitis 
right lower lobe pneumonia 
biliary colic
56
Q

upper Gi bleeding

A 
duodenal ulcer disease
gastric ulcer disease
acute erosions or gastritis 
Mallory weiss
oesophageal varices 
oesophagitis 
cancer of the stomach or esophagus

Final Med (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions