geriatrics Flashcards
hyponatremia algorithm pseudohyponatremia
confirm hyponatremia (low na less than 135)
check the serum osmolarity (greater than 285) pseudohyponatremia
greater than 295 high osmolarity if it is 285-295 normal osmolarity
if high hyperglycaemia, mannitol, glycine
if it is normal osmolarity 825=295 than it is hyperlipidemia hyperprotienemia
hyponatremia- true hypo
Na less than 135
serum osmolality less than 285
volume
dehydrated= renal non renal determines by urine Na
renal greater than 220- renal failures addison’s disease, chronic kidney disease diuretics
non renal less than 220
fluid loss obvious vomiting diarrhoea, cutaneous loss, third space pancreatitis small bowel obstruction
hypervolemic- failures, nephrotic syndrome
euvolemic= urine osmolality greater than 500 SIADH
less than 500 normal fluid overload, severe hypothyriodism
elderly patients who lose consciousness is very serious why?
Morbidity: 1. injure themselves seriously head trauma and subdural heamatoma 2. radial fractures 3. lose confidence anxiety and depression decreased quality of life 4. lose of independence Mortality: 1. prolonged hospital stay DVT, PE 2. pressure sores 3. Urinary tract infection cost: cost to patient, family , and state.
what is morbidity
it is the state of being ill diseased or unhealthy
what is mortality?
it is the condition of being dead
What are the definitions of ischemic stroke?
reduced blood flow due to blockage of a vessel (thrombus or embolism)
inadequate pumping pressure (global hypoperfusion)
what are the definitions of hemorrhagic stroke?
reduced blood flow due to interruption of the vessel (rupture)
itself
the bleeding causes an increase in ICP that further compresses other vessels
Irritant effects of blood lead to vasospasm in other vessels.
What a re the different categories of stroke?
Ischemic
thrombotic- large or small vessel (lacunar infarcts)
Embolic- cardiac (AFIB) non cardiac (aortic arch or paradoxical embolism)
other- unknown (cryptogenic)
Hemorrhagic
intracerebral— HTN, trauma, amyloid angiopathy, illicit drug use, vascular malformations
subarachnoid— rupture of aneurysm, bleeding from vascular malformations.
subarachnoid
left MCA stroke
SPEECH (broca’s aphasia, receptive dysphasia, and sensory loss of the upper limb and arm, right homonymous hemianopia)
right MCA stroke
HEMI NEGLECT
left sensory loss and motor loss of face and upper limb. left hemineglect and left homonymous hemianopia
Bamford classification of total anterior circulation stroke?
A total anterior circulation stroke (TACS) involves a large cortical stroke affecting the areas of the brain supplied by both the middle and anterior cerebral arteries.
All three of the following need to be present for a diagnosis of TACS:
Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg Homonymous hemianopia Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)
Bamford classification of a partial anterior circulation stroke?
A partial anterior circulation stroke (PACS) is a less severe form of TACS, in which only part of the anterior circulation has been compromised.
Two of the following need to be present for a diagnosis of PACS:
Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg Homonymous hemianopia Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)
A posterior circulation syndrome (POCS) Bamford classification
A posterior circulation syndrome (POCS) involves damage to the area of the brain supplied by the posterior circulation (e.g. cerebellum and brainstem).
One of the following need to be present for a diagnosis of POCS:
Cranial nerve palsy and a contralateral motor/sensory deficit
Bilateral motor/sensory deficit
Conjugate eye movement disorder (e.g. horizontal gaze palsy)
Cerebellar dysfunction (e.g. vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia)
Isolated homonymous hemianopia
classification of a lacunar stroke Bamford classification
A lacunar syndrome (LACS) involves a subcortical stroke that occurs secondary to small vessel disease. There is no loss of higher cerebral functions (e.g. dysphasia).
One of the following needs to be present for a diagnosis of LACS:
Pure sensory stroke
Pure motor stroke
Senori-motor stroke
Ataxic hemiparesis
triad of parkinson’s
rest tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia
low potency drugs PD
selegiline selective irreversible MOA B inhibitor
