definitions

Question 1

pneumonia

Answer 1

acute lower respiratory tract infection associated with fever, symptoms and signs in the chest and abnormalities on the chest xray.

Question 2

bronchiectasis

Answer 2

chronic infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to permanent dilatation of the airways.

Question 3

aspergillus

Answer 3

A group of fungi that effect the lung in five ways: asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis, and extrinsci allergic alveolitis.

Question 4

asthma

Answer 4

disease process characterized by recurrent episodes of dyspnoea, cough and wheeze caused by reversible airway obstruction.

Question 5

COPD

Answer 5

a common progressive disorder characterized by airway obstruction with little to no reversibility. Two pathological mechanisms are in place: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Question 6

chronic bronchitis

Answer 6

defined clinically as cough, sputum production on most days for three months of two successive years.

Question 7

emphysema

Answer 7

is defined histologically as enlarged airway spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveolar walls.

Question 8

Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome

Answer 8

defined as an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury.

Question 9

type one respiratory failure

Answer 9

hypoxia (kPa less than 8) with normal or low PaCO2.

Question 10

type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 10

hypoxia (kPa O2 less than 8) with hypercapnia (kPa co2 greater than 6)

Question 11

acute limb ischemia

Answer 11

defined as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion, usually producing worsening signs or symptoms, often threatening limb viability.

Question 12

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 12

pathological processes that lead to symptoms of arterial insufficiency.

Question 13

varicose veins

Answer 13

long tortuous and dilated veins of the superficial venous system.

Question 14

gangrene

Answer 14

death of tissue from poor vascular supply and is a sign of critical limb ischemia.

Question 15

necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 15

rapidly progressing infection of the deep fascia causing necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue.

Question 16

ulcers

Answer 16

abnormal breaks in an epithelial surface.

Question 17

deep vein thrombosis

Answer 17

a condition marked by the formation of a clot (thrombus) in one of the deep veins (femoral vein, greater saphenous vein, popliteal vein, and small saphanous vein).

Question 18

osteoporosis

Answer 18

reduced bone mass

Question 19

osteomyelitis

Answer 19

infection of the bone

Question 20

stroke

Answer 20

It is neurological disease characterized by rapid onset (seconds to minutes) of focal neurological signs and symptoms deficits lasting greater than 24 hours in duration.;

Question 21

Transient ischemic attack

Answer 21

Sudden onset of focal neurological signs due to a temporary occlusion of part of the cerebral circulation ( usually by emboli) and is termed TIA if symptoms last less than 24 hours.

Question 22

Parkinsons disease

Answer 22

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterised by the triad of a pill rolling tremor, increased tone and rigidity, and bradykinesia. This is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Question 23

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 23

spontaneous bleeding into the subarachnoid space and is often catastrophic.

Question 24

Berry aneurysms

Answer 24

A localized widening of the cerebral artery most commonly at the junctional sites of the posterior communicating and the internal carotid or the anterior communicating with the anterior cerebral artery.

Question 25

aneurysm

Answer 25

a widening or dilatation forming an outpouching of a vein, artery, or the heart.

Question 26

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 26

immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.

Question 27

bell's palsy

Answer 27

acute peripheral facial palsy of an unknown cause.

Question 28

motor neuron disease

Answer 28

a cluster of major degenerative diseases characterized by selective loss of neurons in the motor cortex, cranial nerve nuclei, and anterior horn cells.

Question 29

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 29

motor neuron disease characterized by loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the anterior horn of the cord.

Question 30

progressive bulbar palsy

Answer 30

motor neuron disease that only affects cranial nerves 9 through 12

Question 31

progressive muscular atrophy

Answer 31

motor neuron disease that affects that anterior horn cells only.

Question 32

primary lateral sclerosis

Answer 32

motor neuron disease that is characterized by loss of the betz cells in the motor cortex.

Question 33

bulbar palsy

Answer 33

denotes disease of the nuclei of cranial nerves 9-12

Question 34

corticobulbar palsy

Answer 34

upper motor neuron lesion with manifestations in muscles involed in swallowing and talking due to bilateral lesions above the mid pons (corticobulbar tracts)

Question 35

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 35

autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors interfering with neuromuscular transmission via depletion of working synapse sites.

Question 36

epilepsy

Answer 36

recurrent tendency to spontaneous, intermittent, abnormal electrical activity in the brain, manifesting as seizures.

Question 37

cervical spondylosis

Answer 37

progressive spastic quadriparesis with sensory loss below the neck and is the result of compression of the cord and nerve roots.

Question 38

delerium

Answer 38

``` This a state of acute confusion and abnormal behavior characterized by AIDA. acute and fluctuating course inattention disorganized thinking and altered level of consciousness. ```

Question 39

dementia

Answer 39

Dementia is a disorder that is characterized by a decline in cognition involving one or more cognitive domains (learning and memory, language, executive function, complex attention, perceptual-motor, social cognition)

Question 40

syncope

Answer 40

Syncope is a clinical syndrome in which transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) is caused by a period of inadequate cerebral nutrient flow, most often the result of an abrupt drop of systemic blood pressure.

Question 41

shock

Answer 41

intracellular hypoxia

Question 42

infection

Answer 42

the invasion of organisms into normally sterile tissues

Question 43

bacteriema

Answer 43

bacteria presence in the blood.

Question 44

sepsis

Answer 44

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

Question 45

diabetes

Answer 45

is a condition characterized by lack of or reduced effectiveness of insulin leading to hyperglycemia.

Question 46

HONK

Answer 46

Is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (type 2) and stands for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with little to no ketone accumulation.

Question 47

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 47

is a complication primarily of type 1 diabetes and hyperglycemia with the presence of ketones.

Question 48

hypoglycemia

Answer 48

this is low glucose level in the blood with a plasma glucose level less than 3.

Question 49

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 49

the clinical effect of excess thryoid hormone usually from gland hyperfunction.

Question 50

hypothyroidism

Answer 50

this is the clinical effect of lack of thyroid hormone.

Question 51

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 51

this the clinical syndrome due to abnormal increased secretion or production of parathyroid hormone. There are primary, secondary, tertiary, and malignant causes of hyperparathyroidism.

Question 52

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 52

This is a clinical syndrome due to the lack of secretion or production of parathyroid hormone.

Question 53

cushing's syndrome

Answer 53

this is the clinical state produced by chronic glucocorticoid excess and loss of the normal feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and loss of the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion.

Question 54

addison's disease

Answer 54

primary adrenocortical insufficiency

Question 55

hyperaldosteronism

Answer 55

is due to the excess production of aldosterone, this can either be independent of the renin-angiotensin system or dependent of the renin- angiotensin system.

Question 56

pheochromocytoma

Answer 56

is a rare catecholamine producing tumour

Question 57

hypopituirism

Answer 57

the decreased secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 58

pituitary tumours

Answer 58

account for 10% of inter cranial tumors and may be divided by size.

Question 59

hyperprolactinemia

Answer 59

increased production or secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 60

acromegaly

Answer 60

disease process due to increased secretion of growth hormone from a pituitary tumour or hyperplasia.

Question 61

diabetes incipidus

Answer 61

the passage of large volumes (greater than 3 L/day) of dilute urine due to reduced ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary or because of impaired response of the kidney to ADH.

Question 62

osteoarthritis

Answer 62

this is joint condition which may be primary or secondary to joint disease or other conditions.

Question 63

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 63

chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterised by a symmetrical deforming peripheral polyarthritis.

Question 64

gout

Answer 64

Is the disease that is caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and near joints and is characterised by acute monoarthropathy with severe joint inflammation.

Question 65

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 65

chronic inflammatory disease of the spine and sacroilliac joints of unknown aetiology.

Question 66

septic arthritis

Answer 66

organism invasion of a previously sterile joint space.

Question 67

systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 67

multisystemic autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies are made against a variety of autoantigens (ANA)

Question 68

vasculitis

Answer 68

inflammatory disorder of the blood vessel walls causing destruction (aneurysm/ rupture) or stenosis.

Question 69

dysphagia

Answer 69

difficulty in swallowing

Question 70

dyspepsia

Answer 70

indigestion

Question 71

ulcer

Answer 71

interruption of the continuity of an epi/endothelial surface.

Question 72

gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Answer 72

when the reflux of stomach contents cause symptoms (greater than 2 heartburn episodes/week) or complications (sticture, barretts)

Question 73

diarrhoea

Answer 73

decreased stool consistency from water, fat (steatorrhoea), or inflammatory discharge.

Question 74

constipation

Answer 74

defined by the rome criteria: he presence of greater than 2 symptoms during bowel movements. 1. straining for greater than 25 % BM 2. lumpy or hard stools in greater than 25% BM 3. sensation of anorectal obstruction or blockage for greater than 25% BM 4. manual manoeuvres to facilitate 25% of BM 5. fewer than 3 BM a week

Question 75

jaundice

Answer 75

yellowing of the skin, sclerae, mucosae from the increased plasma bilirubin.

Question 76

acute hepatic failure

Answer 76

liver failure suddenly happening in a previously healthy liver.

Question 77

acute on chronic hepatic failure

Answer 77

decompensation of chronic liver disease

Question 78

fulminant hepatic failure

Answer 78

clinical syndrome resulting from the massive necrosis of liver cells leading to severe impairment of liver function.

Question 79

hyperacute fulminant liver failure

Answer 79

encephalopathy within 7 days of onset of jaundice.

Question 80

subacute fulminant hepatic failure

Answer 80

encephalopathy within 5-26 weeks risk of cerebral oedema is lower.

Question 81

cirrhosis

Answer 81

irreversible liver damage with loss of normal hepatic architecture with bridging fibrosis and nodular regeneration histologically.

Question 82

hepatorenal syndrome

Answer 82

this is a syndrome where there is cirrhosis, ascites and renal failure in the absence of other causes of renal impairment.

Question 83

hereditary heamochromatosis

Answer 83

inherited disorder of iron metabolism in which increased intestinal iron absorption leads the iron deposition in the joints, liver, heart, pancreas, pituitary, adrenals, and skin.

Question 84

a1 anti-trypsin deficiency

Answer 84

inherited conformational disease that commonly affects the lung (emphysema), liver (cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer) and can present in homozygous or hetergous forms.

Question 85

primary biliary cirrhosis

Answer 85

the interlobular bile ducts are damaged by chronic autoimmune granulomatous inflammation causing cholestasis which may lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension.

Question 86

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Answer 86

progressive cholestasis with bile duct inflammation and strictures.

Question 87

autoimmune hepatitis

Answer 87

an inflammatory liver disease of unknown cause charcterised by suppressor t cell defects with autoantibodies directed against hepatocyte surface antigens.

Question 88

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 88

fatty liver entails increased fat in the hepatocytes (steatosis) with plus or minus inflammation (steatohepatits)

Question 89

wilson's disease

Answer 89

a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder of biliary copper excretion with too much copper in the liver and the central nervous system (basal ganglia).

Question 90

ulcerative colitis

Answer 90

relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa.

Question 91

crohn's disease

Answer 91

chronic inflammatory GI disease characterized by transmural granulomatous inflammation affecting any part of the gut from mouth to anus.

Question 92

irritable bowel disease

Answer 92

mixed group of abdominal symptoms for which there is no organic cause can be found

Question 93

coeliac disease

Answer 93

T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the small bowel in which prolamin intolerance causes villous atrophy and malabsorption.

Question 94

alcoholism

Answer 94

where an alcoholic whose repeated drinking leads to harm in work or social life intake ranges from binging to heavy daily use, and is usually tied in with other life or health issues.

Question 95

hernia

Answer 95

the protrusion of a viscus or part of a viscus through a defect of the walls of its containing cavity into an abnormal position.

Question 96

acute appendicitis

Answer 96

inflamed appendix where gut organisms invade the appendix wall after lumen obstruction this leads to oedema, ischemic necrosis, and perforation.

Question 97

paralytic ileus

Answer 97

adynamic bowel due to the absence of normal peristaltic contractions.

Question 98

pseudo- obstruction

Answer 98

mechanical GI obstruction but with no cause for obstruction found.

Question 99

sigmoid volvulus

Answer 99

this occurs when the bowel twists on it;s mesentary, which can produce severe rapid strangulated obstruction.

Question 100

diverticulum

Answer 100

out pouching if the gut wall, usually at the site of entry of perforating arteries.

Question 101

diverticulosis

Answer 101

diverticula are present

Question 102

diverticular disease

Answer 102

diverticula are present and are causing symptoms.

Question 103

diverticulitis

Answer 103

diverticula are inflammed

Question 104

haemorrhoids

Answer 104

disrupted and dilated anal cushions

Question 105

fistula

Answer 105

abnormal connection between two epithelial lined surfaces.

Question 106

fistula in ano

Answer 106

a track communicating between the skin and anal canal/rectum.

Question 107

anal fissure

Answer 107

painful tear in the squamous lining of the lower anal canal.