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Final Med > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

pneumonia

A

acute lower respiratory tract infection associated with fever, symptoms and signs in the chest and abnormalities on the chest xray.

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2
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to permanent dilatation of the airways.

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3
Q

aspergillus

A

A group of fungi that effect the lung in five ways: asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis, and extrinsci allergic alveolitis.

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4
Q

asthma

A

disease process characterized by recurrent episodes of dyspnoea, cough and wheeze caused by reversible airway obstruction.

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5
Q

COPD

A

a common progressive disorder characterized by airway obstruction with little to no reversibility. Two pathological mechanisms are in place: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

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6
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

defined clinically as cough, sputum production on most days for three months of two successive years.

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7
Q

emphysema

A

is defined histologically as enlarged airway spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveolar walls.

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8
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome

A

defined as an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury.

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9
Q

type one respiratory failure

A

hypoxia (kPa less than 8) with normal or low PaCO2.

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10
Q

type 2 respiratory failure

A

hypoxia (kPa O2 less than 8) with hypercapnia (kPa co2 greater than 6)

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11
Q

acute limb ischemia

A

defined as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion, usually producing worsening signs or symptoms, often threatening limb viability.

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12
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

pathological processes that lead to symptoms of arterial insufficiency.

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13
Q

varicose veins

A

long tortuous and dilated veins of the superficial venous system.

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14
Q

gangrene

A

death of tissue from poor vascular supply and is a sign of critical limb ischemia.

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15
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

rapidly progressing infection of the deep fascia causing necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue.

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16
Q

ulcers

A

abnormal breaks in an epithelial surface.

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17
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

a condition marked by the formation of a clot (thrombus) in one of the deep veins (femoral vein, greater saphenous vein, popliteal vein, and small saphanous vein).

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18
Q

osteoporosis

A

reduced bone mass

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19
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of the bone

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20
Q

stroke

A

It is neurological disease characterized by rapid onset (seconds to minutes) of focal neurological signs and symptoms deficits lasting greater than 24 hours in duration.;

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21
Q

Transient ischemic attack

A

Sudden onset of focal neurological signs due to a temporary occlusion of part of the cerebral circulation ( usually by emboli) and is termed TIA if symptoms last less than 24 hours.

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22
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterised by the triad of a pill rolling tremor, increased tone and rigidity, and bradykinesia. This is a diagnosis of exclusion.

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23
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

spontaneous bleeding into the subarachnoid space and is often catastrophic.

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24
Q

Berry aneurysms

A

A localized widening of the cerebral artery most commonly at the junctional sites of the posterior communicating and the internal carotid or the anterior communicating with the anterior cerebral artery.

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25
Q

aneurysm

A

a widening or dilatation forming an outpouching of a vein, artery, or the heart.

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26
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.

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27
Q

bell’s palsy

A

acute peripheral facial palsy of an unknown cause.

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28
Q

motor neuron disease

A

a cluster of major degenerative diseases characterized by selective loss of neurons in the motor cortex, cranial nerve nuclei, and anterior horn cells.

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29
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

motor neuron disease characterized by loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the anterior horn of the cord.

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30
Q

progressive bulbar palsy

A

motor neuron disease that only affects cranial nerves 9 through 12

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31
Q

progressive muscular atrophy

A

motor neuron disease that affects that anterior horn cells only.

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32
Q

primary lateral sclerosis

A

motor neuron disease that is characterized by loss of the betz cells in the motor cortex.

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33
Q

bulbar palsy

A

denotes disease of the nuclei of cranial nerves 9-12

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34
Q

corticobulbar palsy

A

upper motor neuron lesion with manifestations in muscles involed in swallowing and talking due to bilateral lesions above the mid pons (corticobulbar tracts)

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35
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors interfering with neuromuscular transmission via depletion of working synapse sites.

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36
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent tendency to spontaneous, intermittent, abnormal electrical activity in the brain, manifesting as seizures.

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37
Q

cervical spondylosis

A

progressive spastic quadriparesis with sensory loss below the neck and is the result of compression of the cord and nerve roots.

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38
Q

delerium

A 
This a state of acute confusion and abnormal behavior characterized by AIDA. 
acute and fluctuating course
inattention
disorganized thinking
and altered level of consciousness.
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39
Q

dementia

A

Dementia is a disorder that is characterized by a decline in cognition involving one or more cognitive domains (learning and memory, language, executive function, complex attention, perceptual-motor, social cognition)

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40
Q

syncope

A

Syncope is a clinical syndrome in which transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) is caused by a period of inadequate cerebral nutrient flow, most often the result of an abrupt drop of systemic blood pressure.

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41
Q

shock

A

intracellular hypoxia

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42
Q

infection

A

the invasion of organisms into normally sterile tissues

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43
Q

bacteriema

A

bacteria presence in the blood.

44
Q

sepsis

A

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

45
Q

diabetes

A

is a condition characterized by lack of or reduced effectiveness of insulin leading to hyperglycemia.

46
Q

HONK

A

Is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (type 2) and stands for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with little to no ketone accumulation.

47
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

is a complication primarily of type 1 diabetes and hyperglycemia with the presence of ketones.

48
Q

hypoglycemia

A

this is low glucose level in the blood with a plasma glucose level less than 3.

49
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

the clinical effect of excess thryoid hormone usually from gland hyperfunction.

50
Q

hypothyroidism

A

this is the clinical effect of lack of thyroid hormone.

51
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

this the clinical syndrome due to abnormal increased secretion or production of parathyroid hormone. There are primary, secondary, tertiary, and malignant causes of hyperparathyroidism.

52
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

This is a clinical syndrome due to the lack of secretion or production of parathyroid hormone.

53
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

this is the clinical state produced by chronic glucocorticoid excess and loss of the normal feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and loss of the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion.

54
Q

addison’s disease

A

primary adrenocortical insufficiency

55
Q

hyperaldosteronism

A

is due to the excess production of aldosterone, this can either be independent of the renin-angiotensin system or dependent of the renin- angiotensin system.

56
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

is a rare catecholamine producing tumour

57
Q

hypopituirism

A

the decreased secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

58
Q

pituitary tumours

A

account for 10% of inter cranial tumors and may be divided by size.

59
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

increased production or secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.

60
Q

acromegaly

A

disease process due to increased secretion of growth hormone from a pituitary tumour or hyperplasia.

61
Q

diabetes incipidus

A

the passage of large volumes (greater than 3 L/day) of dilute urine due to reduced ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary or because of impaired response of the kidney to ADH.

62
Q

osteoarthritis

A

this is joint condition which may be primary or secondary to joint disease or other conditions.

63
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterised by a symmetrical deforming peripheral polyarthritis.

64
Q

gout

A

Is the disease that is caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and near joints and is characterised by acute monoarthropathy with severe joint inflammation.

65
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the spine and sacroilliac joints of unknown aetiology.

66
Q

septic arthritis

A

organism invasion of a previously sterile joint space.

67
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

multisystemic autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies are made against a variety of autoantigens (ANA)

68
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammatory disorder of the blood vessel walls causing destruction (aneurysm/ rupture) or stenosis.

69
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

70
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion

71
Q

ulcer

A

interruption of the continuity of an epi/endothelial surface.

72
Q

gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

A

when the reflux of stomach contents cause symptoms (greater than 2 heartburn episodes/week) or complications (sticture, barretts)

73
Q

diarrhoea

A

decreased stool consistency from water, fat (steatorrhoea), or inflammatory discharge.

74
Q

constipation

A

defined by the rome criteria: he presence of greater than 2 symptoms during bowel movements.

  1. straining for greater than 25 % BM
  2. lumpy or hard stools in greater than 25% BM
  3. sensation of anorectal obstruction or blockage for greater than 25% BM
  4. manual manoeuvres to facilitate 25% of BM
  5. fewer than 3 BM a week
75
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing of the skin, sclerae, mucosae from the increased plasma bilirubin.

76
Q

acute hepatic failure

A

liver failure suddenly happening in a previously healthy liver.

77
Q

acute on chronic hepatic failure

A

decompensation of chronic liver disease

78
Q

fulminant hepatic failure

A

clinical syndrome resulting from the massive necrosis of liver cells leading to severe impairment of liver function.

79
Q

hyperacute fulminant liver failure

A

encephalopathy within 7 days of onset of jaundice.

80
Q

subacute fulminant hepatic failure

A

encephalopathy within 5-26 weeks risk of cerebral oedema is lower.

81
Q

cirrhosis

A

irreversible liver damage with loss of normal hepatic architecture with bridging fibrosis and nodular regeneration histologically.

82
Q

hepatorenal syndrome

A

this is a syndrome where there is cirrhosis, ascites and renal failure in the absence of other causes of renal impairment.

83
Q

hereditary heamochromatosis

A

inherited disorder of iron metabolism in which increased intestinal iron absorption
leads the iron deposition in the joints, liver, heart, pancreas, pituitary, adrenals, and skin.

84
Q

a1 anti-trypsin deficiency

A

inherited conformational disease that commonly affects the lung (emphysema), liver (cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer) and can present in homozygous or hetergous forms.

85
Q

primary biliary cirrhosis

A

the interlobular bile ducts are damaged by chronic autoimmune granulomatous inflammation causing cholestasis which may lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension.

86
Q

primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

progressive cholestasis with bile duct inflammation and strictures.

87
Q

autoimmune hepatitis

A

an inflammatory liver disease of unknown cause charcterised by suppressor t cell defects with autoantibodies directed against hepatocyte surface antigens.

88
Q

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

fatty liver entails increased fat in the hepatocytes (steatosis) with plus or minus inflammation (steatohepatits)

89
Q

wilson’s disease

A

a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder of biliary copper excretion with too much copper in the liver and the central nervous system (basal ganglia).

90
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa.

91
Q

crohn’s disease

A

chronic inflammatory GI disease characterized by transmural granulomatous inflammation affecting any part of the gut from mouth to anus.

92
Q

irritable bowel disease

A

mixed group of abdominal symptoms for which there is no organic cause can be found

93
Q

coeliac disease

A

T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the small bowel in which prolamin intolerance causes villous atrophy and malabsorption.

94
Q

alcoholism

A

where an alcoholic whose repeated drinking leads to harm in work or social life intake ranges from binging to heavy daily use, and is usually tied in with other life or health issues.

95
Q

hernia

A

the protrusion of a viscus or part of a viscus through a defect of the walls of its containing cavity into an abnormal position.

96
Q

acute appendicitis

A

inflamed appendix where gut organisms invade the appendix wall after lumen obstruction this leads to oedema, ischemic necrosis, and perforation.

97
Q

paralytic ileus

A

adynamic bowel due to the absence of normal peristaltic contractions.

98
Q

pseudo- obstruction

A

mechanical GI obstruction but with no cause for obstruction found.

99
Q

sigmoid volvulus

A

this occurs when the bowel twists on it;s mesentary, which can produce severe rapid strangulated obstruction.

100
Q

diverticulum

A

out pouching if the gut wall, usually at the site of entry of perforating arteries.

101
Q

diverticulosis

A

diverticula are present

102
Q

diverticular disease

A

diverticula are present and are causing symptoms.

103
Q

diverticulitis

A

diverticula are inflammed

104
Q

haemorrhoids

A

disrupted and dilated anal cushions

105
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between two epithelial lined surfaces.

106
Q

fistula in ano

A

a track communicating between the skin and anal canal/rectum.

107
Q

anal fissure

A

painful tear in the squamous lining of the lower anal canal.

Final Med (35 decks)

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